Skokholm
Climate exposure
This is about exposure to a nationwide pressure this habitat type carries — not a verdict on this site's own management.
Coastal habitats are exposed to sea-level rise and storm erosion. Where hard sea defences sit behind them, there's nowhere landward to retreat to — a squeeze that keeps compressing the habitat no matter how well it's managed.
Habitats
Geology & landscape
Rock Type: Glacial Till, Sandstone
Landscape processes: Coastal, Glacial
Birds & fish recorded
Birds
| Species | Season |
|---|---|
| Manx shearwater | Breeding |
| fulmar | Breeding |
| great black-backed gull | Breeding |
| guillemot | Breeding |
| herring gull | Breeding |
| lapwing | Breeding |
| lesser black-backed gull | Breeding |
| oystercatcher | Breeding |
| puffin | Breeding |
| razorbill | Breeding |
| wheatear | Breeding |
Description
Description The site is of special interest for its maritime grassland, and its breeding seabirds, in particular for Manx shearwater Puffinus puffinus, puffin Fratercula arctica, storm petrel Hydrobates pelagicus, razorbill Alca torda, guillemot Uria aalge, lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus, which together with fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, herring gull Larus argentatus and greater black-backed gull Larus marinus comprise a seabird assemblage, and for breeding chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax. Grey seals Halichoerus grypus which breed and haul out on the foreshore and the littoral zone are also of special interest. An assemblage of nationally rare and scarce lichens occur including the scheduled golden hair lichen Teloschistes flavicans. Skokholm is located approximately 3 km south west of the Marloes peninsula. The island is composed of Old Red Sandstone rock, forming the western-most exposure of this rock extending across Wales. The gently sloping plateau surface, 50 metres above sea level at its highest, southern end, is capped with glacial deposits, and the main soil type is a clay-rich acid brown earth. The cliffs on the southern side are vertical, but elsewhere they become much more indented and irregular. The southwest shores of Skokholm are subject to the greatest degree of exposure. The sub-tidal fringe here is dominated by dense thong-weed Himanthalia elongata with an understorey of mussels Mytilus edulis and coralline algae. On the less exposed north-western side, kelp Laminaria digitata occurs with thong-weed over coralline and red algae. The more sheltered eastern side of the island supports sub-tidal fringe rock dominated by kelp, including a nationally scarce tide-swept kelp community with sea squirts and bryozoans such as the gooseberry seasquirt Dendrodoa grossularia and the bryozoan Alcyonidium gelatinosum. Lower shores on the exposed south-western side exhibit zones of barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and mussels and abundant coralline algae including Corallina officinalis, above which the exposed form of bladder wrack Fucus vesiculosus var. linearis occurs with S. balanoides and limpets Patella sp. A band of pygmy lichen Lichina pygmaea occurs above this zone, but this band is absent from the less exposed shores. The lower shores on the less exposed side support thong-weed with an understorey of encrusting coralline and red algae, above which channelled wrack Pelvetia canaliculata occurs with occasional spiral wrack Fucus spiralis and pygmy lichen over encrustations of barnacles and limpets. Upper shores support bands of black-tar lichen Verrucaria maura, with laver seaweed Porphyra sp. where more exposed, above which a wide band of yellow and grey lichens exists, extending vertically up to 30 metres on the steeper higher cliffs of the south-western side of the island. The Skokholm rabbits have avoided myxomatosis due to the absence of the flea vector Spilopsyllus cuniculi. This abundance of rabbits, together with the influence of seabird guano, has resulted in extensive modification to the maritime vegetation that has been much studied. An extensive band of thrift Armeria maritima hummocks occurs on the southern and western coasts, along with much sea campion Silene uniflora. Further inland and along the eastern coast, red fescue Festuca rubra characterises the short sward of the old field systems, with abundant Yorkshire fog Holcus lanatus, common bent Agrostis tenuis, buck’s-horn plantain Plantago coronopus and English stonecrop Sedum anglicum. Bracken Pteridium aquilinum dominates sections of the more sheltered eastern coast, but is much more sparse elsewhere and has an understorey with abundant sheep’s sorrel Rumex acetosella and wood sage Teucrium scorodonia. Only very limited relict patches of maritime heath remain on the eastern side of the island. Springs and seasonally inundated depressions in the boulder clay that caps the centre of the island have a marsh flora of rushes Juncus sp. and sedges, particularly sand sedge Carex arenaria, with much marsh pennywort Hydrocotyle vulgaris. The island also supports a large population of sea stork’s-bill Erodium maritimum and wild pansy Viola tricolor ssp. tricolor and on the cliffs out of reach of the rabbits, small colonies of tree mallow Malva arborea and sea-purslane Atriplex portulacoides persist. The wet depressions also contain interesting plants such as the nationally scarce three-lobed crowfoot Ranunculus tripartitus, lesser water-plantain Baldellia ranunculoides, chaffweed Centunculus minimus, lesser marshwort Apium inundatum and divided sedge Carex divisa at one of only two sites in Pembrokeshire. An assemblage of lichen species associated with rock (saxicolous) or the ground (terricolous) has developed on the island, including nationally rare and scarce species such as the scheduled golden hair lichen Teloschistes flavicans, Rocella fuciformis, R. phycopsis and Rinodina confragosa. The nocturnal burrow or crevice nesting Manx shearwater and storm petrel occur in their thousands, and much research has been undertaken on these species since the island was established as Britain’s first Bird Observatory by R M Lockley in 1933. Lesser black-backed gulls, guillemot and razorbill also occur in the low thousands, and fulmar, herring gulls and great black-backed gulls comprise the remainder of the assemblage of seabirds. The chough also breeds on the island, together with oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus, lapwing Vanellus vanellus, skylark Alauda arvensis and wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe. Grey seals breed in small numbers around the island in the autumn, and haul out on the foreshore throughout the year. Invertebrates recorded on the site include nationally scarce species of butterflies and moths with a distinctly coastal distribution. These include the silver-studded blue Plebejus argus, Barrett’s marbled coronet Conisania andalusica, whose larvae feed on the roots of sea campion, the black-banded moth Polymixis xanthomista statices, which frequents coastal rocks and whose larvae feed mainly on the abundant thrift on the island and the marbled green Nyctobrya muralis that is dependent on saxicolous lichens. Remarks: The foreshore from Mean High Water seawards is included within the Pembrokeshire Marine/Sir Benfro Fôrol Special Area for Conservation (cSAC). Skokholm is part of the Skomer and Skokholm Special Protection Area (SPA). The SSSI lies within Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. The foreshore is leased to Pembrokeshire Coast National Park from the Crown Estate. The grey seal is listed in Annex IIa of the EC Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Flora and Fauna). Golden hair lichen Teloschistes flavicans is listed on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). The island is leased to the Wildlife Trust West Wales and managed as a nature reserve.
Species mentioned
Show the 51 species mentioned in the description, with red-list status| English name search for this in other sites |
Latin name search with Google |
IUCN / Red List | Type | Family |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| spiraled wrack | Fucus spiralis | Not listed in GB list | algae brown | fucaceae |
| bladder wrack | Fucus vesiculosus | Not listed in GB list | algae brown | fucaceae |
| thong weed | Himanthalia elongata | Not listed in GB list | algae brown | himanthaliaceae |
| oar weed | Laminaria digitata | Not listed in GB list | algae brown | laminariaceae |
| channel wrack | Pelvetia canaliculata | Not listed in GB list | algae brown | fucaceae |
| common coral weed | Corallina officinalis | Not listed in GB list | algae red | corallinaceae |
| acorn barnacle | Semibalanus balanoides | Not listed in GB list | barnacle | archaeobalanidae |
| razorbill | Alca torda | LC (Breeding) | bird-auk | alcidae |
| puffin | Fratercula arctica | CR (Breeding) | bird-auk | alcidae |
| guillemot | Uria aalge | LC (Breeding) | bird-auk | alcidae |
| chough | Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax | VU (Breeding) | bird-corvid | corvidae |
| fulmar | Fulmarus glacialis | CR (Breeding) | bird-fulmar | procellariidae |
| herring gull | Larus argentatus | EN (NonBreeding), EN (Breeding) | bird-gull | laridae |
| lesser black-backed gull | Larus fuscus | DD (Breeding) | bird-gull | laridae |
| great black-backed gull | Larus marinus | EN (NonBreeding), CR (Breeding) | bird-gull | laridae |
| skylark | Alauda arvensis | VU (Breeding) | bird-lark | alaudidae |
| storm petrel | Hydrobates pelagicus | LC (Breeding) | bird-petrel | hydrobatidae |
| wheatear | Oenanthe oenanthe | LC (Breeding) | bird-robin | muscicapidae |
| Manx shearwater | Puffinus puffinus | LC (Breeding) | bird-sheerwater | procellariidae |
| oystercatcher | Haematopus ostralegus | LC (Breeding) | bird-wader | haematopodidae |
| lapwing | Vanellus vanellus | VU (NonBreeding), EN (Breeding) | bird-wader | charadriidae |
| blue mussel | Mytilus edulis | LC | bivalve | mytilidae |
| silver studded blue | Plebejus argus | VU | butterfly | lycaenidae |
| bracken | Pteridium aquilinum | LC | fern | dennstaedtiaceae |
| red fescue | Festuca rubra | LC | grass | poaceae |
| Yorkshire fog | Holcus lanatus | LC | grass | poaceae |
| lesser marshwort | Apium inundatum | Not listed in GB list | herb | apiaceae |
| thrift | Armeria maritima | CR | herb | plumbaginaceae |
| lesser water-plantain | Baldellia ranunculoides | EN | herb | alismataceae |
| chaffweed | Centunculus minimus | Not listed in GB list | herb | primulaceae |
| sea stork's-bill | Erodium maritimum | LC | herb | geraniaceae |
| marsh pennywort | Hydrocotyle vulgaris | VU | herb | araliaceae |
| tree mallow | Malva arborea | LC | herb | malvaceae |
| buck's-horn plantain | Plantago coronopus | LC | herb | plantaginaceae |
| three-lobed crowfoot | Ranunculus tripartitus | VU | herb | ranunculaceae |
| sheep's sorrel | Rumex acetosella | NT | herb | polygonaceae |
| English stonecrop | Sedum anglicum | LC | herb | crassulaceae |
| sea campion | Silene uniflora | LC | herb | carophyllaceae |
| wood sage | Teucrium scorodonia | LC | herb | lamiaceae |
| wild pansy | Viola tricolor | VU | herb | violaceae |
| Dendrodoa grossularia | Not listed in GB list | invertebrate | styelidae | |
| Lichina pygmaea | LC | lichen | lichinaceae | |
| powdered orange bush lichen | Teloschistes flavicans | VU | lichen | no common name |
| sea tar | Verrucaria maura | Not listed in GB list | lichen | no common name |
| Barrett's marbled | Conisania andalusica | Not listed in GB list | moth | noctuidae |
| marbled green | Nyctobrya muralis | Not listed in GB list | moth | noctuidae |
| black-banded | Polymixis xanthomista | Not listed in GB list | moth | noctuidae |
| grey seal | Halichoerus grypus | None | seal | phocidae |
| sand sedge | Carex arenaria | LC | sedge | cyperaceae |
| divided sedge | Carex divisa | VU | sedge | cyperaceae |
| sea purslane | Atriplex portulacoides | LC | shrub dwarf | chenopodiaceae |
Plant communities
M9 — Lowland fen, Upland spring flush
Carex rostrata-Calliergon cuspidatum/giganteum mire
Show 95 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Salix repens, Betula pubescens, Carex appropinquata, Carex demissa, Carex diandra, Carex dioica, Carex echinata, Carex flacca, Carex hostiana, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex limosa, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex paniculata, Carex rostrata, Carex serotina, Cladium mariscus, Eriophorum angustifolium, Schoenus nigricans, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bulbosus, Juncus subnodulosus, Aulacomnium palustre, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Plagiomnium affine, Plagiomnium elatum, Plagiomnium rostratum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum, Calliergon cordifolium, Calliergon giganteum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Climacium dendroides, Cratoneuron filicinum, Ctenidium molluscum, Hylocomium splendens, Palustriella commutatum, Scorpidium revolvens, Scorpidium scorpioides, Sphagnum contortum, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum inundatum, Sphagnum subnitens, Sphagnum warnstorfii, Aneura pinguis, Angelica sylvestris, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Cirsium palustre, Crepis paludosa, Eupatorium cannabinum, Cardamine pratensis, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana dioica, Valeriana officinalis, Silene flos-cuculi, Parnassia palustris, Drosera rotundifolia, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Pyrola rotundifolia, Lotus pedunculatus, Vicia cracca, Triglochin palustre, Mentha aquatica, Pinguicula vulgaris, Utricularia spp., Lythrum salicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Narthecium ossifragum, Epilobium palustre, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Dactylorhiza purpurella, Pedicularis palustris, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus flammula, Ranunculus lingua, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Potentilla erecta, Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Scutellaria galericulata, Viola palustris, Agrostis stolonifera, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Phragmites australis
M13 — Lowland fen
Schoenus nigricans-Juncus subnodulosus mire
Show 108 indicator speciesCalluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Myrica gale, Carex diandra, Carex dioica, Carex elata, Carex flacca, Carex hostiana, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex pulicaris, Carex rostrata, Cladium mariscus, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum latifolium, Isolepis setacea, Schoenus nigricans, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus subnodulosus, Luzula multiflora, Selaginella selaginoides, Aulacomnium palustre, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Philonotis calcarea, Plagiomnium elatum, Plagiomnium rostratum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Fissidens adianthoides, Brachythecium rutabulum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Cratoneuron filicinum, Ctenidium molluscum, Palustriella commutatum, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Scorpidium revolvens, Sphagnum subnitens, Lophocolea bidentata, Aneura pinguis, Pellia endiviifolia, Riccardia chamedryfolia, Riccardia multifida, Angelica sylvestris, Oenanthe lachenalii, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium dissectum, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Leontodon saxatilis, Serratula tinctoria, Taraxacum officianalis, Cardamine pratensis, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana dioica, Valeriana officinalis, Silene flos-cuculi, Parnassia palustris, Drosera rotundifolia, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Vicia cracca, Hypericum pulchrum, Hypericum tetrapterum, Triglochin palustre, Mentha aquatica, Pinguicula vulgaris, Utricularia spp., Linum catharticum, Lythrum salicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Epilobium palustre, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Dactylorhiza praetermissa, Dactylorhiza purpurella, Dactylorhiza traunsteinerioides, Epipactis palustris, Gymnadenia conopsea, Ophrys insectifera, Euphrasia officinalis, Pedicularis palustris, Plantago maritima, Polygala vulgaris, Potamogeton coloratus, Anagallis tenella, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus flammula, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla erecta, Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Agrostis canina, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Briza media, Danthonia decumbens, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Phragmites australis
M22 — Coastal floodplain grazing marsh, Lowland fen, Purple moor grass and rush pasture
Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen-meadow
Show 115 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Solanum dulcamara, Carex acutiformis, Carex disticha, Carex elata, Carex flacca, Carex hirta, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex rostrata, Cladium mariscus, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eleocharis palustris, Eleocharis uniglumis, Juncus articulatus, Juncus effusus, Juncus inflexus, Juncus subnodulosus, Luzula multiflora, Plagiomnium affine, Plagiomnium rostratum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Cratoneuron filicinum, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Lophocolea bidentata, Angelica sylvestris, Berula erecta, Oenanthe lachenalii, Thyselium palustre, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Achillea ptarmica, Caltha palustris, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium dissectum, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Myosotis laxa, Myosotis scorpioides, Cardamine pratensis, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana dioica, Valeriana officinalis, Cerastium fontanum, Silene flos-cuculi, Stellaria palustris, Calystegia sepium, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Vicia cracca, Hypericum tetrapterum, Iris pseudacorus, Triglochin palustre, Ajuga reptans, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Lemna minor, Lythrum salicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Epilobium hirsutum, Epilobium palustre, Epilobium parviflorum, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Dactylorhiza praetermissa, Epipactis palustris, Pedicularis palustris, Rhinanthus minor, Plantago lanceolata, Veronica beccabunga, Polygonum amphibium, Rumex acetosa, Rumex conglomeratus, Rumex sanguineus, Lysimachia vulgaris, Primula vulgaris, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus flammula, Ranunculus repens, Thalictrum flavum, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla anserina, Potentilla erecta, Potentilla reptans, Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Scrophularia auriculata, Scutellaria galericulata, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Briza media, Calamagrostis canescens, Cynosurus cristatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Phalaris arundinacea, Phleum pratense, Phragmites australis, Poa trivialis, Schedonorus arundinaceus, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Thelypteris palustris
M24 — Coastal floodplain grazing marsh, Lowland fen, Purple moor grass and rush pasture
Molinia caerulea-Cirsium dissectum fen-meadow
Show 89 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Salix repens, Alnus glutinosa, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Carex hostiana, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex pulicaris, Cladium mariscus, Eriophorum angustifolium, Schoenus nigricans, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus conglomeratus, Juncus effusus, Juncus subnodulosus, Luzula multiflora, Aulacomnium palustre, Brachythecium rutabulum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Kindbergia praelonga, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum subnitens, Angelica sylvestris, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Achillea ptarmica, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium dissectum, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Leontodon saxatilis, Pulicaria dysenterica, Senecio aquaticus, Serratula tinctoria, Cardamine pratensis, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana dioica, Cerastium fontanum, Silene flos-cuculi, Drosera rotundifolia, Equisetum palustre, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Trifolium pratense, Vicia cracca, Hypericum tetrapterum, Hypericum undulatum, Mentha aquatica, Scutellaria minor, Linum catharticum, Lythrum salicaria, Narthecium ossifragum, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Dactylorhiza maculata, Epipactis palustris, Gymnadenia conopsea, Pedicularis sylvatica, Plantago lanceolata, Polygala vulgaris, Rumex acetosa, Anagallis tenella, Primula vulgaris, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus flammula, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla anserina, Potentilla erecta, Potentilla reptans, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Galium verum, Viola palustris, Agrostis canina, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Briza media, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Phragmites australis
M25 — Blanket bog, Coastal floodplain grazing marsh, Lowland fen, Purple moor grass and rush pasture, Upland acid grassland
Molinia caerulea-Potentilla erecta mire
Show 85 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Myrica gale, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Ulex europaeus, Ulex gallii, Carex echinata, Carex flacca, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Eriophorum angustifolium, Schoenus nigricans, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus effusus, Juncus subnodulosus, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Aulacomnium palustre, Pohlia nutans, Calliergon giganteum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Kindbergia praelonga, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum subnitens, Calypogeia fissa, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Lophocolea bidentata, Lophozia ventricosa, Angelica sylvestris, Carum verticillatum, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Achillea ptarmica, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Serratula tinctoria, Cardamine pratensis, Lobelia urens, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana officinalis, Equisetum palustre, Lotus pedunculatus, Hypericum pulchrum, Hypericum tetrapterum, Mentha aquatica, Scutellaria minor, Menyanthes trifoliata, Narthecium ossifragum, Epilobium palustre, Dactylorhiza maculata, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus flammula, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla erecta, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium palustre, Viola palustris, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis curtisii, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Phragmites australis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Osmunda regalis
M27 — Limestone pavement, Lowland fen, Upland spring flush
Filipendula ulmaria-Angelica sylvestris mire
Show 104 indicator speciesCarex acutiformis, Carex appropinquata, Carex disticha, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex paniculata, Carex rostrata, Carex vesicaria, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus conglomeratus, Juncus effusus, Juncus inflexus, Juncus subnodulosus, Sparganium erectum, Plagiomnium elatum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Calliergon cordifolium, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Kindbergia praelonga, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Chiloscyphus pallescens, Lophocolea bidentata, Angelica sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Oenanthe crocata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Achillea ptarmica, Caltha palustris, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium heterophyllum, Cirsium palustre, Crepis paludosa, Eupatorium cannabinum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Senecio aquaticus, Myosotis scorpioides, Cardamine flexuosa, Cardamine pratensis, Cochlearia pyrenaica, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana officinalis, Silene flos-cuculi, Stellaria alsine, Stellaria graminea, Calystegia sepium, Equisetum arvense, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Vicia cracca, Iris pseudacorus, Ajuga reptans, Mentha aquatica, Lythrum salicaria, Epilobium hirsutum, Epilobium obscurum, Epilobium palustre, Polygonum amphibium, Polygonum hydropiper, Rumex acetosa, Rumex crispus, Rumex sanguineus, Lysimachia vulgaris, Primula vulgaris, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus flammula, Ranunculus repens, Thalictrum flavum, Trollius europaeus, Alchemilla glabra, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Potentilla anserina, Potentilla reptans, Rubus fruticosus agg., Sanguisorba officinalis, Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Urtica dioica, Viola palustris, Agrostis canina, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Elytrigia repens, Festuca rubra, Glyceria maxima, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Phalaris arundinacea, Phleum pratense, Phragmites australis, Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis, Pteridium aquilinum
M28 — Lowland fen
Iris pseudacorus-Filipendula ulmaria mire
Show 68 indicator speciesBolboschoenus maritimus, Carex otrubae, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus effusus, Juncus inflexus, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Kindbergia praelonga, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Lophocolea bidentata, Angelica sylvestris, Oenanthe crocata, Oenanthe lachenalii, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium palustre, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Myosotis laxa, Cardamine pratensis, Valeriana officinalis, Silene flos-cuculi, Stellaria alsine, Stellaria media agg., Atriplex prostrata, Equisetum palustre, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Vicia cracca, Geranium robertianum, Iris pseudacorus, Triglochin maritimum, Galeopsis tetrahit, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Stachys palustris, Lythrum salicaria, Montia fontana, Epilobium palustre, Plantago lanceolata, Polygonum hydropiper, Rumex acetosa, Rumex conglomeratus, Rumex crispus, Glaux maritima, Samolus valerandi, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla anserina, Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Scutellaria galericulata, Urtica dioica, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Elytrigia repens, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Phragmites australis, Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis, Schedonorus arundinaceus, Dryopteris expansa
S1 — Lowland fen
Carex elata swamp
Show 33 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Solanum dulcamara, Carex elata, Carex nigra, Cladium mariscus, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus subnodulosus, Brachythecium rutabulum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Kindbergia praelonga, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Berula erecta, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Cardamine pratensis, Equisetum palustre, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Lythrum salicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Epilobium palustre, Epipactis palustris, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus lingua, Comarum palustre, Galium palustre, Viola palustris, Agrostis canina, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holcus lanatus, Phragmites australis
S2 — Lowland fen
Cladium mariscus swamp and sedge-beds
Show 26 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Myrica gale, Solanum dulcamara, Carex elata, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex panicea, Carex rostrata, Cladium mariscus, Juncus subnodulosus, Fissidens adianthoides, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Scorpidium scorpioides, Sphagnum subnitens, Riccardia multifida, Caltha palustris, Equisetum palustre, Mentha aquatica, Utricularia intermedia, Utricularia minor, Lythrum salicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Hippuris vulgaris, Comarum palustre, Galium palustre, Phragmites australis, Chara subspinosa
S3 — Lowland fen, Nutrient rich eutrophic lake
Carex paniculata swamp
Show 35 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Carex paniculata, Carex riparia, Sparganium erectum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Kindbergia praelonga, Angelica sylvestris, Oenanthe crocata, Caltha palustris, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Myosotis scorpioides, Cardamine pratensis, Equisetum fluviatile, Lotus pedunculatus, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Lemna minor, Epilobium hirsutum, Epilobium palustre, Rumex acetosa, Rumex hydrolapathum, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Scutellaria galericulata, Urtica dioica, Viola palustris, Molinia caerulea, Phragmites australis, Dryopteris dilatata, Athyrium filix-femina, Typha latifolia
S4 — Lowland fen, Nutrient rich eutrophic lake, Reedbed
Phragmites australis swamp and reed-beds
Show 98 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Atriplex portulacoides, Solanum dulcamara, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Carex acuta, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex otrubae, Carex panicea, Carex pseudocyperus, Carex riparia, Carex rostrata, Cladium mariscus, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bulbosus, Juncus effusus, Juncus gerardii, Juncus maritimus, Juncus subnodulosus, Sparganium erectum, Sparganium minimum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Leptodictyum riparium, Sphagnum fallax, Suaeda maritima, Angelica sylvestris, Apium graveolens, Berula erecta, Cicuta virosa, Oenanthe crocata, Oenanthe fistulosa, Oenanthe lachenalii, Sium latifolium, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Sonchus arvensis, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Myosotis laxa, Myosotis scorpioides, Cardamine pratensis, Cochlearia anglica, Cochlearia officinalis, Silene flos-cuculi, Atriplex hastata, Atriplex littoralis, Salicornia dolichostachya, Calystegia sepium, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Lotus pedunculatus, Iris pseudacorus, Triglochin maritimum, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Lemna minor, Utricularia intermedia, Utricularia minor, Lythrum salicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Nymphaea alba, Epilobium hirsutum, Callitriche stagnalis, Hippuris vulgaris, Plantago maritima, Armeria maritima, Limonium vulgare, Rumex crispus, Rumex hydrolapathum, Potamogeton gramineus, Potamogeton natans, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Glaux maritima, Ranunculus flammula, Ranunculus lingua, Ranunculus sceleratus, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Urtica dioica, Agrostis stolonifera, Elytrigia atherica, Elytrigia repens, Festuca rubra, Glyceria fluitans, Glyceria maxima, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Poa trivialis, Puccinellia maritima, Typha angustifolia, Typha latifolia, Chara subspinosa
S5 — Coastal floodplain grazing marsh, Lowland fen, Nutrient rich eutrophic lake
Glyceria maxima swamp
Show 44 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Carex acuta, Carex otrubae, Carex riparia, Juncus effusus, Sparganium erectum, Riccia fluitans, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Angelica sylvestris, Apium inundatum, Berula erecta, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Myosotis scorpioides, Nasturtium officinale, Calystegia sepium, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Iris pseudacorus, Glechoma hederacea, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Lemna minor, Lythrum salicaria, Nymphaea alba, Epilobium hirsutum, Callitriche stagnalis, Polygonum amphibium, Rumex crispus, Rumex hydrolapathum, Rumex obtusifolius, Ficaria verna, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Filipendula ulmaria, Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Urtica dioica, Alopecurus pratensis, Glyceria maxima, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Poa trivialis
S6 — Coastal floodplain grazing marsh, Lowland fen, Nutrient rich eutrophic lake
Carex riparia swamp
Show 43 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Carex acuta, Carex elata, Carex riparia, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus effusus, Sparganium erectum, Calliergon giganteum, Angelica sylvestris, Oenanthe crocata, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Myosotis scorpioides, Cardamine pratensis, Nasturtium officinale, Valeriana officinalis, Calystegia sepium, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Nymphaea alba, Epilobium hirsutum, Epilobium palustre, Callitriche stagnalis, Polygonum amphibium, Polygonum hydropiper, Rumex crispus, Rumex hydrolapathum, Filipendula ulmaria, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Scutellaria galericulata, Urtica dioica, Agrostis stolonifera, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Poa trivialis, Dryopteris dilatata, Typha angustifolia, Typha latifolia
S7 — Coastal floodplain grazing marsh, Lowland fen
Carex acutiformis swamp
Show 39 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Carex acutiformis, Carex paniculata, Juncus effusus, Juncus inflexus, Sparganium erectum, Brachythecium rivulare, Angelica sylvestris, Cicuta virosa, Caltha palustris, Cirsium palustre, Cardamine amara, Valeriana officinalis, Stellaria alsine, Equisetum palustre, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Mentha aquatica, Lemna minor, Lythrum salicaria, Epilobium hirsutum, Veronica beccabunga, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum hydropiper, Rumex crispus, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Filipendula ulmaria, Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Scutellaria galericulata, Urtica dioica, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Phalaris arundinacea, Poa trivialis, Typha latifolia
S8 — Lowland fen, Nutrient rich eutrophic lake
Scirpus lacustris ssp. lacustris swamp
Show 50 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Carex canescens, Carex nigra, Carex rostrata, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus bulbosus, Juncus conglomeratus, Juncus effusus, Sparganium angustifolium, Sparganium erectum, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Angelica sylvestris, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Ceratophyllum demersum, Equisetum fluviatile, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Elodea canadensis, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Iris pseudacorus, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Stachys palustris, Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiza, Utricularia minor, Lythrum salicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea alba, Epilobium palustre, Polygonum amphibium, Polygonum bistorta, Potamogeton lucens, Potamogeton natans, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Ranunculus flammula, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Galium palustre, Solanum nigrum, Agrostis canina, Glyceria fluitans, Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia
S9 — Lowland fen, Upland spring flush
Carex rostrata swamp
Show 29 indicator speciesCarex nigra, Carex rostrata, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bulbosus, Juncus effusus, Calliergon giganteum, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Myosotis laxa, Cardamine pratensis, Lobelia dortmanna, Equisetum fluviatile, Eriocaulon aquaticum, Mentha aquatica, Menyanthes trifoliata, Nymphaea alba, Epilobium palustre, Pedicularis palustris, Littorella uniflora, Polygonum amphibium, Potamogeton natans, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Ranunculus flammula, Comarum palustre, Galium palustre, Agrostis stolonifera, Chara subspinosa
S10 — Lowland fen
Equisetum fluviatile swamp
Show 18 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Carex rostrata, Eriophorum angustifolium, Calliergon cordifolium, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Angelica sylvestris, Caltha palustris, Rorippa islandica, Equisetum fluviatile, Lemna minor, Menyanthes trifoliata, Epilobium palustre, Callitriche stagnalis, Polygonum amphibium, Polygonum hydropiper, Ranunculus flammula, Comarum palustre, Galium palustre
S11 — Lowland fen, Turlough and fluctuation mere, Upland spring flush
Carex vesicaria swamp
Show 29 indicator speciesCarex aquatilis, Carex nigra, Carex rostrata, Carex vesicaria, Juncus effusus, Calliergon cordifolium, Kindbergia praelonga, Angelica sylvestris, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Myosotis scorpioides, Valeriana officinalis, Equisetum fluviatile, Mentha aquatica, Lythrum salicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Veronica scutellata, Polygonum amphibium, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus flammula, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Galium palustre, Scutellaria galericulata, Agrostis canina, Deschampsia cespitosa, Glyceria fluitans, Phalaris arundinacea
S12 — Lowland fen, Nutrient rich eutrophic lake
Typha latifolia swamp
Show 50 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Carex rostrata, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus effusus, Sparganium erectum, Calliergon cordifolium, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Acorus calamus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Apium nodiflorum, Berula erecta, Cicuta virosa, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Myosotis laxa, Myosotis scorpioides, Nasturtium officinale, Chenopodium album, Equisetum fluviatile, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, Lythrum salicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Chamerion angustifolium, Epilobium hirsutum, Epilobium palustre, Callitriche obtusangula, Callitriche stagnalis, Persicaria maculosa, Polygonum amphibium, Rumex crispus, Rumex hydrolapathum, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Ranunculus flammula, Ranunculus repens, Ranunculus sceleratus, Comarum palustre, Galium palustre, Urtica dioica, Agrostis canina, Agrostis stolonifera, Glyceria fluitans, Phalaris arundinacea, Typha latifolia
S13 — Lowland fen, Nutrient rich eutrophic lake
Typha angustifolia swamp
Show 32 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Juncus effusus, Calliergon cordifolium, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Calystegia sepium, Elatine hydropiper, Myriophyllum spicatum, Elodea canadensis, Iris pseudacorus, Mentha aquatica, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, Menyanthes trifoliata, Nymphaea alba, Epilobium hirsutum, Callitriche obtusangula, Littorella uniflora, Polygonum amphibium, Rumex hydrolapathum, Potamogeton natans, Potamogeton pectinatus, Lysimachia vulgaris, Ranunculus flammula, Agrostis stolonifera, Glyceria fluitans, Glyceria maxima, Glyceria notata, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, Typha latifolia
S14 — Lowland fen, Nutrient rich eutrophic lake
Sparganium erectum swamp
Show 50 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Carex acutiformis, Carex otrubae, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus articulatus, Juncus effusus, Juncus inflexus, Sparganium erectum, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Angelica sylvestris, Apium graveolens, Apium nodiflorum, Oenanthe crocata, Myosotis laxa, Myosotis scorpioides, Hesperis matronalis, Nasturtium officinale, Butomus umbellatus, Lotus pedunculatus, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Iris pseudacorus, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, Wolffia arrhiza, Lythrum salicaria, Nuphar lutea, Epilobium hirsutum, Callitriche stagnalis, Veronica beccabunga, Persicaria maculosa, Polygonum amphibium, Rumex crispus, Groenlandia densa, Potamogeton natans, Ranunculus flammula, Filipendula ulmaria, Galium palustre, Scutellaria galericulata, Urtica dioica, Agrostis canina, Glyceria fluitans, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, Typha latifolia
S15 — Lowland fen
Acorus calamus swamp
Show 41 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Solanum dulcamara, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus bufonius, Juncus effusus, Sparganium erectum, Pohlia annotina, Brachythecium rutabulum, Kindbergia praelonga, Marchantia polymorpha sens.lat., Riccia fluitans, Acorus calamus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Angelica sylvestris, Apium nodiflorum, Cirsium palustre, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Myosotis laxa, Myosotis scorpioides, Stellaria alsine, Crassula helmsii, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Lemna minor, Lythrum salicaria, Chamerion angustifolium, Epilobium adenocaulon, Mimulus guttatus, Persicaria maculosa, Polygonum amphibium, Polygonum aviculare, Rumex acetosa, Rumex hydrolapathum, Potamogeton natans, Ranunculus repens, Galium palustre, Urtica dioica, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Poa trivialis, Typha latifolia
S16 — Lowland fen
Sagittaria sagittifolia swamp
Show 15 indicator speciesSchoenoplectus lacustris, Sparganium emersum, Sparganium erectum, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Equisetum palustre, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Mentha aquatica, Stachys palustris, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, Spirodela polyrhiza, Ranunculus repens, Galium palustre, Glyceria fluitans, Glyceria maxima
S17 — Lowland fen
Carex pseudocyperus swamp
Show 35 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Carex pseudocyperus, Juncus conglomeratus, Juncus effusus, Juncus inflexus, Sparganium erectum, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Berula erecta, Oenanthe crocata, Caltha palustris, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium palustre, Myosotis scorpioides, Stellaria alsine, Dipsacus fullonum, Iris pseudacorus, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Rumex crispus, Rumex hydrolapathum, Rumex obtusifolius, Ranunculus lingua, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Scrophularia auriculata, Scutellaria galericulata, Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus pratensis, Glyceria maxima, Holcus lanatus, Phragmites australis, Poa trivialis, Typha latifolia
S18 — Lowland fen
Carex otrubae swamp
Show 52 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Carex acutiformis, Carex otrubae, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus bulbosus, Juncus effusus, Sparganium erectum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Leptodictyum riparium, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Angelica sylvestris, Sium latifolium, Achillea millefolium, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Sonchus arvensis, Cardamine pratensis, Ceratophyllum demersum, Atriplex hastata, Atriplex patula, Equisetum arvense, Equisetum palustre, Equisetum telmateia, Lotus pedunculatus, Vicia cracca, Vicia sativa, Geranium dissectum, Iris pseudacorus, Mentha aquatica, Lythrum salicaria, Chamerion angustifolium, Epilobium hirsutum, Plantago major, Rumex crispus, Rumex hydrolapathum, Ranunculus repens, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla reptans, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Agrostis stolonifera, Dactylis glomerata, Elytrigia repens, Phragmites australis, Poa annua, Poa pratensis, Typha latifolia
S19 — Lowland fen, Turlough and fluctuation mere, Upland spring flush
Eleocharis palustris swamp
Show 46 indicator speciesCarex hirta, Carex nigra, Carex rostrata, Eleocharis palustris, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bulbosus, Juncus effusus, Juncus gerardii, Drepanocladus fluitans, Fontinalis antipyretica, Scorpidium scorpioides, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Scorzoneroides autumnalis, Myosotis laxa, Cardamine pratensis, Lobelia dortmanna, Equisetum fluviatile, Trifolium repens, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Triglochin maritimum, Mentha aquatica, Utricularia minor, Littorella uniflora, Plantago maritima, Persicaria maculosa, Polygonum amphibium, Potamogeton natans, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Glaux maritima, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus flammula, Ranunculus repens, Potentilla anserina, Galium palustre, Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus geniculatus, Festuca rubra, Glyceria fluitans, Holcus lanatus, Phalaris arundinacea, Poa trivialis, Typha latifolia
S20 — Lowland fen, Nutrient rich eutrophic lake
Scirpus lacustris ssp. tabernaemontani swamp
Show 26 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Carex otrubae, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Eleocharis palustris, Eleocharis uniglumis, Juncus bufonius, Juncus gerardii, Apium graveolens, Oenanthe lachenalii, Cochlearia anglica, Atriplex hastata, Chenopodium rubrum, Triglochin maritimum, Rumex hydrolapathum, Glaux maritima, Ranunculus sceleratus, Potentilla anserina, Ruppia maritima, Agrostis stolonifera, Phragmites australis, Puccinellia distans, Puccinellia maritima, Spartina anglica, Typha angustifolia, Typha latifolia
S21 — Lowland fen, Nutrient rich eutrophic lake
Scirpus maritimus swamp
Show 61 indicator speciesAtriplex portulacoides, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Carex nigra, Carex otrubae, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Eleocharis palustris, Eleocharis uniglumis, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus gerardii, Juncus maritimus, Amblystegium serpens, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Drepanocladus aduncus, Suaeda maritima, Apium graveolens, Berula erecta, Oenanthe crocata, Oenanthe lachenalii, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Aster tripolium, Caltha palustris, Cirsium arvense, Sonchus arvensis, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Cochlearia anglica, Cochlearia officinalis, Spergularia marina, Spergularia media, Stellaria media agg., Atriplex hastata, Salicornia dolichostachya, Calystegia sepium, Iris pseudacorus, Triglochin maritimum, Mentha aquatica, Epilobium parviflorum, Plantago maritima, Limonium vulgare, Rumex conglomeratus, Rumex crispus, Glaux maritima, Samolus valerandi, Ranunculus flammula, Ranunculus sceleratus, Potentilla anserina, Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Ruppia maritima, Viola palustris, Agrostis stolonifera, Elytrigia atherica, Elytrigia repens, Festuca rubra, Glyceria fluitans, Glyceria maxima, Phragmites australis, Puccinellia distans, Puccinellia maritima, Schedonorus arundinaceus, Spartina anglica
S22 — Lowland fen
Glyceria fluitans water-margin vegetation
Show 20 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Carex otrubae, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus articulatus, Sparganium erectum, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Apium nodiflorum, Myosotis scorpioides, Nasturtium officinale, Elodea canadensis, Mentha aquatica, Lemna minor, Rumex crispus, Ranunculus lingua, Galium palustre, Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus geniculatus, Glyceria fluitans, Poa trivialis, Typha latifolia
S23 — Lowland fen
Other water-margin vegetation
Show 47 indicator speciesBolboschoenus maritimus, Carex otrubae, Juncus articulatus, Juncus effusus, Juncus inflexus, Sparganium erectum, Alisma lanceolatum, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Apium nodiflorum, Berula erecta, Oenanthe fistulosa, Myosotis laxa, Nasturtium officinale, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Iris pseudacorus, Mentha aquatica, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, Spirodelia polyrhiza, Lythrum salicaria, Epilobium parviflorum, Veronica catenata, Polygonum amphibium, Polygonum hydropiper, Rumex conglomeratus, Rumex hydrolapathum, Lysimachia vulgaris, Samolus valerandi, Ranunculus circinatus, Ranunculus repens, Ranunculus sceleratus, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla anserina, Galium palustre, Scrophularia auriculata, Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus geniculatus, Catabrosa aquatica, Elytrigia repens, Glyceria fluitans, Glyceria maxima, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Poa trivialis, Typha latifolia
S24 — Lowland fen
Phragmites australis-Peucedanum palustris tall-herb fen
Show 102 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Salix repens, Betula pubescens, Alnus glutinosa, Myrica gale, Frangula alnus, Solanum dulcamara, Carex acutiformis, Carex appropinquata, Carex diandra, Carex elata, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex panicea, Carex paniculata, Carex pseudocyperus, Carex riparia, Cladium mariscus, Schoenus nigricans, Juncus subnodulosus, Sparganium erectum, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Plagiomnium elatum, Plagiomnium rostratum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Fissidens adianthoides, Brachythecium rutabulum, Calliergon giganteum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Campylium elodes, Aneura pinguis, Angelica sylvestris, Berula erecta, Cicuta virosa, Oenanthe fistulosa, Oenanthe lachenalii, Sium latifolium, Thyselium palustre, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium dissectum, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Impatiens capensis, Myosotis laxa, Myosotis scorpioides, Cardamine pratensis, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana dioica, Valeriana officinalis, Silene flos-cuculi, Stellaria palustris, Calystegia sepium, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Lathyrus palustris, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Vicia cracca, Hypericum tetrapterum, Iris pseudacorus, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Lemna minor, Lythrum salicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Epilobium hirsutum, Epilobium palustre, Epilobium parviflorum, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Dactylorhiza praetermissa, Epipactis palustris, Pedicularis palustris, Rhinanthus minor, Rumex hydrolapathum, Lysimachia vulgaris, Samolus valerandi, Ranunculus flammula, Ranunculus lingua, Thalictrum flavum, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla erecta, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Scrophularia auriculata, Scutellaria galericulata, Urtica dioica, Agrostis stolonifera, Calamagrostis canescens, Calamagrostis epigejos, Glyceria maxima, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Poa trivialis, Thelypteris palustris, Typha angustifolia, Typha latifolia
S25 — Lowland fen, Reedbed
Phragmites australis-Eupatorium cannabinum tall-herb fen
Show 53 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Alnus glutinosa, Myrica gale, Solanum dulcamara, Carex acuta, Carex elata, Carex paniculata, Carex riparia, Cladium mariscus, Juncus subnodulosus, Brachythecium rutabulum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Lophocolea bidentata, Angelica sylvestris, Berula erecta, Oenanthe lachenalii, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Myosotis scorpioides, Valeriana dioica, Valeriana officinalis, Silene flos-cuculi, Calystegia sepium, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Vicia cracca, Iris pseudacorus, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Lythrum salicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Epilobium hirsutum, Pedicularis palustris, Rumex crispus, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Scrophularia auriculata, Scutellaria galericulata, Urtica dioica, Arrhenatherum elatius, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Thelypteris palustris, Athyrium filix-femina, Typha angustifolia
S26 — Lowland fen, Reedbed
Phragmites australis-Urtica dioica tall-herb fen
Show 60 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Carex acuta, Carex otrubae, Carex riparia, Juncus effusus, Juncus subnodulosus, Sparganium erectum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Kindbergia praelonga, Angelica sylvestris, Apium nodiflorum, Heracleum sphondylium, Oenanthe crocata, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Sonchus arvensis, Myosotis scorpioides, Valeriana officinalis, Silene dioica, Silene flos-cuculi, Calystegia sepium, Dipsacus fullonum, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Vicia cracca, Iris pseudacorus, Glechoma hederacea, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Stachys palustris, Lythrum salicaria, Epilobium hirsutum, Rumex crispus, Rumex hydrolapathum, Lysimachia vulgaris, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla anserina, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Scutellaria galericulata, Urtica dioica, Agrostis stolonifera, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Elytrigia repens, Glyceria maxima, Holcus lanatus, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Poa trivialis, Schedonorus arundinaceus, Typha latifolia
S27 — Lowland fen, Upland spring flush
Carex rostrata-Potentilla palustris tall-herb fen
Show 81 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Solanum dulcamara, Carex appropinquata, Carex aquatilis, Carex diandra, Carex elata, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex rostrata, Carex vesicaria, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus effusus, Juncus subnodulosus, Sparganium erectum, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Brachythecium rivulare, Brachythecium rutabulum, Calliergon cordifolium, Calliergon giganteum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Cratoneuron filicinum, Drepanocladus fluitans, Sphagnum fimbriatum, Sphagnum squarrosum, Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Lophocolea bidentata, Angelica sylvestris, Apium nodiflorum, Sium latifolium, Thyselium palustre, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Cirsium palustre, Senecio aquaticus, Myosotis laxa, Myosotis scorpioides, Cardamine amara, Cardamine pratensis, Valeriana officinalis, Silene flos-cuculi, Stellaria alsine, Stellaria palustris, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Lotus pedunculatus, Hypericum elodes, Iris pseudacorus, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Lemna minor, Lythrum salicaria, Menyanthes trifoliata, Epilobium palustre, Epipactis palustris, Callitriche stagnalis, Veronica beccabunga, Veronica scutellata, Polygonum amphibium, Rumex hydrolapathum, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Lysimachia vulgaris, Ranunculus flammula, Ranunculus lingua, Ranunculus repens, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Galium palustre, Scutellaria galericulata, Agrostis canina, Agrostis stolonifera, Holcus lanatus, Phragmites australis, Poa trivialis, Dryopteris cristata, Typha latifolia
S28 — Lowland fen, Nutrient rich eutrophic lake
Phalaris arundinacea tall-herb fen
Show 31 indicator speciesSolanum dulcamara, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus effusus, Kindbergia praelonga, Angelica sylvestris, Oenanthe crocata, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium palustre, Myosotis scorpioides, Nasturtium officinale, Atriplex hastata, Calystegia sepium, Equisetum fluviatile, Mentha aquatica, Epilobium hirsutum, Callitriche stagnalis, Ranunculus repens, Filipendula ulmaria, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Urtica dioica, Agrostis stolonifera, Deschampsia cespitosa, Elytrigia repens, Glyceria maxima, Holcus lanatus, Phalaris arundinacea, Poa trivialis, Puccinellia maritima, Typha angustifolia
W25 — Bracken scrub
Pteridium aquilinum-Rubus fruticosus underscrub
Show 53 indicator speciesHedera helix, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Sambucus nigra, Ulex europaeus, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Luzula multiflora, Mnium hornum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Kindbergia praelonga, Angelica sylvestris, Conopodium majus, Heracleum sphondylium, Arum maculatum, Cirsium arvense, Lonicera periclymenum, Silene dioica, Stellaria holostea, Mercurialis perennis, Geranium robertianum, Glechoma hederacea, Teucrium scorodonia, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Chamerion angustifolium, Circaea lutetiana, Digitalis purpurea, Rumex acetosa, Anemone nemorosa, Ficaria verna, Potentilla erecta, Rosa arvensis, Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus agg., Rubus idaeus, Galium aparine, Galium mollugo sens.lat., Galium saxatile, Urtica dioica, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Poa trivialis, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris dilatata, Dryopteris filix-mas