Galboly
Also within
Climate exposure
This is about exposure to a nationwide pressure this habitat type carries — not a verdict on this site's own management.
Coastal habitats are exposed to sea-level rise and storm erosion. Where hard sea defences sit behind them, there's nowhere landward to retreat to — a squeeze that keeps compressing the habitat no matter how well it's managed.
Habitats
Limestone pavement, Mixed scrub, Montane scrub, Mountain ledge, Scree, Upland acid grassland, Upland calcareous grassland
Geology & landscape
Geological Feature: Fissure · Geological Period: Cretaceous, Paleogene · Rock Type: Basalt, Chalk, Flint, Limestone
Landscape processes: Coastal, Glacial, Periglacial, Volcanic / Igneous
Birds & fish recorded
Birds
| Species | Season |
|---|---|
| peregrine | Breeding |
| peregrine | Roosting |
Description
Galboly Fungi assemblage, Hieracium basalticola, Higher plant assemblage, Irish whitebeam Calcareous grassland, Dry heath, Inland rock, Intertidal rock, Mixed ashwoods Cretaceous stratigraphy, Mass movement, Tertiary igneous The area is of special scientific interest because of its geological and geomorphological features, woodland, grasslands in particular herb-rich calcareous grassland, cliff vegetation, bryophyte-rich scree, dry heath, intertidal communities, rare plants and fungi. Galboly, overlooking Red Bay, is dominated by vertical basalt and chalk cliffs, which rise in places to over 200m above the grassland, heathland and woodland below. Galboly has two main rock types; chalk of Cretaceous age 85-80 million years old overIain by basalt of Palaeogene age 60 million years old. At Garron Point rocks that were formed in a more or less horizontal position have been rotated such that they are inclined 45° to the west. The blocks have moved on a rotational plane and separated from the main Garron Plateau. This happened as the Cretaceous chalk is underlain by soft and older mudstones. During the last ice age, vertical cliffs had been sculpted along the coast by the passage of the ice. After the ice had retreated, the cliffs were unstable and deformation of the underlying mudstones, possibly assisted by freeze-thaw action typical of the then prevailing peri-glacial climate, caused rotational faulting of huge blocks of the outer plateau. The primary blocks are no longer active, but there are still active slips and mud flows from the secondary blocks. While Galboly and Drumnasole host all of the members of the Ulster White Limestone Formation from the Galboly Chalk Member up to the Portrush Chalk Member the area is of particular importance for the type locality of the Garron Chalk Member. The Garron Chalk Member is from the Campanian stage of the Cretaceous and is stratigraphically near the middle of the Formation. The type locality is found in the cliff section at Garron Point. The Garron Chalk Member is subdivided into three by beds of large flints. These flint bands are useful lithostratigraphic markers. The Garron Chalk Member has a high content of Inoceramus sp fragments, with large fragments being distinctive in the upper part of the unit. The basalts of the Antrim Lava Group were extruded through fissure eruptions during a period of high volcanic activity associated with the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. Exposures in the site cover the Lower Basalt, the Interbasaltic and the Upper Basalt Formations, a complete section through this part of the Antrim Lava Group. The Interbasaltic Formation marks a period of relative volcanic quiescence between the two main eruptive phases, during which the Lower Basalts were deeply weathered in a tropical climate. The Upper Basalt Formation was erupted over the Interbasaltic at the start of the second volcanic cycle. The sections through the Antrim Lava Group are of considerable importance in interpreting the petrology, volcanology and geochemistry of the Palaeogene volcanic rocks of northeast Ireland. The continuous nature of the sequences exposed has allowed a near complete picture to emerge of their geochemical history. This has allowed correlation with similarly aged rocks on Skye and Mull in the Hebrides. The recognition here of zeolite zonation has been used to establish similar zeolite zones elsewhere in the British Tertiary Volcanic Province and also in Iceland. The woodland within the townlands of Lower Galboly and Nappan grows on the steep scarp slopes which characterise much of the Antrim coast. Galboly has one of the largest semi-natural woodlands in County Antrim and although it is confined to a relatively narrow strip of land between Tower Road and the scarp-top cliffs, it is over 2km in length and 30 hectares in extent. The woodland structure and composition reflect local physical and edaphic conditions, with steepness of slope, frequency of rock, boulder or scree exposures, soil depth and moisture, stock trampling and grazing, and other management all having a marked influence on it. The woodland consists predominantly of a mature hazel Corylus avellana canopy with widespread mature oak Quercus robur and ash Fraxinus excelsior, although these taller canopy trees are generally restricted to the lower slopes. The majority of the lower canopy is hazel Corylus avellana with widespread and locally abundant hawthorn Crataegus monogyna. rowan Sorbus aucuparia and downy birch Betula pubescens are also present. The northern end of the woodland is quite exposed to gales and sea-spray and the trees here are quite stunted, with a low hazel Corylus avellana canopy. Due to the dry nature of much of the woodland, ferns are infrequent in the field layer and consist of lady fern Athyrium filix-femina, soft shield fern Polystichum setiferum, male fern Dryopteris filix-mas, hard fern Blechnum spicant and broad buckler fern Dryopteris dilatata. Rock cliff faces and large boulders also have black spleenwort Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, hart's-tongue Phyllitis scolopendrium and maidenhair spleenwort Asplenium trichomanes. The ground flora consists mostly of bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta and a reasonable complement of other woodland herbs including primrose Primula vulgaris, common dog violet Viola riviniana, wild strawberry Fragaria vesca, hairy wood rush Luzula pilosa, sanicle Sanicula europaea, wood avens Geum urbanum, wood anemone Anemone nemorosa, yellow pimpernel Lysimachia nemorum, woodruff Galium odoratum, wood sedge Carex sylvatica, wood melick Melica uniflora and pignut Conopodium majus. At times, due to historical grazing management, a grassy ground flora dominates, consisting of grasses such as false brome Brachypodium sylvaticum and sweet vernal grass Anthoxanthum odoratum, but this makes up only a small proportion of the woodland. In places within the woodland, early purple orchid Orchis mascula is conspicuous with other notable plants such as toothwort Lathraea squamaria and wood vetch Vicia sylvatica. A rich bryophyte flora exists both on the ground and on the chalk boulders and scree within the woodland. Typical species include common tamarisk moss Thuidium tamariscinum, common striated feather moss Eurhynchium striatum, common feather moss Eurhynchium praelongum, and big shaggy moss Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus with chalk comb moss Ctenidium molluscum present on chalk boulders and scree. In the townlands of Fallowvee, Galboly Upper and Galboly Lower shallow, freely-draining soils have developed over the underlying chalk and basalt, and these have given rise to a type of dry grassland known as calcareous grassland. This grassland is scarce within Northern Ireland and lowland examples, like those at Galboly, are rare in the United Kingdom, being limited to western parts of Scotland and the Antrim coast in Northern Ireland. The calcareous grassland occurs on both the lower basalt and chalk. Diversity of herbs, sedges and grasses is very high, with some of the most species-rich dry grass swards in Northern Ireland. The grassland is typically tightly grazed and has a short sward which allows light-demanding species to thrive. Wild thyme Thymus polytrichus has taken advantage of the open conditions and flourishes with other low-growing herbs to create a rich, colourful sward. There is also a high diversity of bryophytes both within the grassland itself, and on the exposed bare chalky ground, basalt and chalk boulders, and scree at the base of the slopes. The driest grassland areas are dominated by the grasses red fescue Festuca rubra, sheep's fescue Festuca ovina, common bent Agrostis capillaris with abundant sweet vernal grass Anthoxanthum odoratum, crested dog's tail Cynosurus cristatus, heath grass Danthonia decumbens and silver hair grass Aira caryophyllea. Sedges are also frequent amongst the sward with glaucous sedge Carex flacca and spring sedge Carex calyophyllea, with occasional flea sedge Carex pulicaris on moister soils. Herbs are common and diverse with wild thyme Thymus polytrichus, eyebright Euphrasia officinalis agg, lady's bedstraw Galium verum, harebell Campanula rotundifolia, wild strawberry Fragaria vesca, fairy flax Linum catharticum, birdsfoot trefoil Lotus corniculatus, mouse_ear hawkweed Pilosella officinarum, common dog violet Viola riviniana, heath speedwell Veronica officinalis and bulbous buttercup Ranunculus bulbosus. Where soils are thin and the sward is open, the bryophytes golden head moss Breutelia chrysocoma, chalk comb moss Ctenidium molluscum and Tamarisk scalewort Frullania tamarisci, are common. Big shaggy moss Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, capillary thread moss Bryum capillare, great plait moss Hypnum cupressiforme var. lacul1osum, broom fork moss Dicranum scoparium are also frequent within the sward. The topography around the Creariagh Burn, where the swards have developed on crushed chalk, is very distinctive with landforms which rise steeply from the Coast Road up to the basalt and chalk cliffs. Scattered sub-seral hawthorn Crataegus monogyna scrub is widespread in the calcareous grassland with grazing creating unusual dwarfed bushes, some of which are extremely old despite their small size. Many of the bushes are covered in crustose lichens such as shaggy strap lichen Ramalina farinacea and are potentially important refugia for both lower plants and invertebrates due to the shelter they offer from grazing animals. The cliffs at Galboly have a diverse assemblage of vascular plants and bryophytes. Both the basalt and chalk cliffs are vertical in places and notable higher plant species occur on upper grassland ledges where grazing intensity decreases due to inaccessibility. Species present include spring sandwort Minuartia verna, which is a montane species found on the basaltic escarpment and cliffs of the Co Antrim and Co Londonderry coasts, and the hawkweed Hieracium basalticola, which is a species endemic to Ireland. Mossy saxifrage Saxifraga hypnoides is a plant also found on grassy places below the basalt scarp, on the scarp cliff itself and on the scree slopes. Limestone bedstraw Galium sterneri is probably more or less confined to the basaltic scarp in the Galboly area, where it tends to prefer edges of ledges and grassy places on steep slopes. Juniper Juniperus communis, ivy Hedera helix and several species of fern also grow on the cliff face. Further diversity is added by the presence of vegetated scree slopes and moss-covered boulder fields where weathered rocks have fallen from both the sheer chalk and basalt rock faces. These, combined with the natural exposed thin soils in the calcareous grassland, have provided an excellent habitat for a very diverse community of bryophytes that include species such as Montagne's cylinder moss Entodon concinnus, dull starry feather moss Campylium protensum, lesser rough earwort Scapania aequiloba, golden feather moss Campyliadelphus Chlysophyllus and sessile grimmia Schistidium apocarpum. Other notable plants occur throughout the area. Ivy broomrape Orobanche hederae is a Schedule 8 species listed in the Wildlife Northern Ireland Order. It is a parasitic plant which attaches itself to the roots of a host species, in this case, the roots of ivy Hedera helix. Although ivy Hedera helix is a very common and widespread species, this parasite is rare, and confined to two sites in County Fermanagh and Galboly on the Antrim Coast. Rock samphire Crithmum maritimum grows along the shoreline and is a succulent umbelliferous plant of rocks and cliffs beside the sea. Galboly is one of the most northerly locales for this plant within Northern Ireland. sea kale Crambe maritima is also present in Galboly where it grows on the sandy and gravelly shoreline. Tor-grass Brachypodium pinnatum is found along a laneway in the grounds of St MacNissi's College; this species is particularly rare within Northern Ireland. Irish whitebeam Sorbus hibernica is endemic to Ireland and occurs in Galboly on the limestone scarps and wooded areas beside St MacNissi's College. Various grassland areas in both Galboly Upper and Galboly Lower townlands are rich in grassland fungi. Such areas are often described as "waxcap grasslands" because of the range of waxcap fungi from the genus Hygrocybe that are found. At Galboly, waxcaps are fairly frequent in areas where soil nutrients are low, and species such as snowy waxcap Hygrocybe virginea var virginea, scarlet waxcap Hygrocybe coccinea, oily waxcap Hygrocybe quieta and meadow waxcap Hygrocybe pratensis are generally fairly common. Less frequently recorded species include crimson waxcap Hygrocybe punicea, persistent waxcap Hygrocybe persistens and earthy waxcap Hygrocybe fornicata. More restricted to the chalk grasslands near the coast road is the more notable taxa Hygrocybe calciphila, which is a species associated with elevated base status. A range of other grassland fungi, representing other genera and taxa, are also found here, reflecting low soil nutrient status. These include species such as smoky spindles Clavaria fumosa, the earthtongue Geoglossum glutinosum and mosaic puffball Handkea utriformis. Additional, more notable species include the rare big blue pinkgill Entoloma bloxamii, mealy pinkgill Entoloma prunuloides and olive earthtongue Microglossum olivaceum. The dry heath at Galboly is significant in its extent. Large areas of dry heathland, such as those at Galboly, are generally very scarce within Northern Ireland. The dry heath occurs on the basalt slopes extending into the more upland vegetation above the clifftop towards the Garron Plateau and Lough Galboly. Small areas of dry heath on the slopes can be rich in grasses and herbs, often forming a mosaic with both calcareous grassland and acid grassland. However, the majority of the dry heath is dominated by dwarf-shrub species which include heather Calluna vulgaris and bell heather Erica cinerea, with frequent bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus. Grasses and herbs include common bent Agrostis capillaris, sheep's fescue Festuca ovina and red fescue Festuca rubra with herbs such as tormentil Potentilla erecta, wood sage Teucrium scorodonia, slender St John's wort Hypericum pulchrum and common dog violet Viola riviniana. Bryophytes include glittering wood moss Hylocomium splendens, heath plait moss Hypnum jutlandicum, big shaggy moss Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus and common tamarisk moss Thuidium tamariscinum. Galboly is also notable for its intertidal rock communities. The intertidal area is typical of the North Antrim Coast shoreline. This site ranges from a moderately exposed boulder shore in the upper intertidal with rockpools present, to limestone ridges which run parallel to the shore in the lower intertidal. Galboly is notable for the several biotopes, which are typical of a moderately exposed rocky shore. The mid-eulittoral is dominated by the common limpet Patella vulgata, toothed wrack Fucus serratus and knotted wrack Ascophyllum nodosum. The lower eulittoral is dominated by false Irish moss Mastocarpus stellatus, pepper dulse Osmundea pinnatifida and encrusting red algae. The brown algae oarweed Laminaria digitata and thong-weed Himanthalia elongata typify lower shores. Common invertebrates include the rough periwinkle Littorina saxatilis, the common perwinkle Littorina littorea, the flat perwinkle Littorina obtusata, and the glass prawn Palaemon serratus. Galboly is an area with a wide range of semi-natural habitats that have been managed in a traditional way. As such, it provides valuable feeding and roosting sites for a range of animals, including birds and invertebrates. The cliff sections within the site provide a regular nesting site for peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus. County Antrim is a stronghold for this endangered bird of prey. Peregrine falcon is a Northern Ireland Species of Conservation Concern. It is also listed as a species subject to special conservation measures under the European Birds Directive. https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/publications/galboly-assi
Species mentioned
Show the 90 species mentioned in the description, with red-list statusPlant communities
CG9 — Limestone pavement, Lowland calcareous grassland, Upland calcareous grassland
Sesleria albicans-Galium sterneri grassland
Show 107 indicator speciesEmpetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Carex capillaris, Carex caryophyllea, Carex eragrostis, Carex flacca, Carex hostiana, Carex panicea, Carex pulicaris, Kobresia simpliciuscula, Selaginella selaginoides, Rhodobryum roseum, Dicranum scoparium, Ditrichum flexicaule, Fissidens dubius, Encalypta streptocarpa, Racomitrium canescens sens.lat., Racomitrium lanuginosum, Ctenidium molluscum, Homalothecium lutescens, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Neckera crispa, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Rhytidium rugosum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Polytrichum juniperinum, Tortella tortuosa, Barbilophozia barbata, Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Frullania tamarisci, Lophocolea bidentata, Plagiochila asplenioides, Scapania aspera, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia pocillum, Cladonia rangiformis, Cornicularia aculeata, Pimpinella saxifraga, Achillea millefolium, Antennaria dioica, Bellis perennis, Carlina vulgaris, Cirsium vulgare, Leontodon hispidus, Pilosella officinarum, Taraxacum officianalis, Myosotis alpestris, Cochlearia alpina, Draba incana, Campanula rotundifolia, Scabiosa columbaria, Succisa pratensis, Cerastium fontanum, Minuartia verna, Parnassia palustris, Helianthemum oelandicum icanum, Sedum acre, Anthyllis vulneraria, Hippocrepis comosa, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium repens, Gentiana verna, Gentianella amarella, Hypericum pulchrum, Thymus praecox, Pinguicula vulgaris, Linum catharticum, Epipactis atrorubens, Euphrasia confusa, Euphrasia officinalis, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago maritima, Veronica officinalis, Polygala vulgaris, Polygonum viviparum, Primula farinosa, Primula vulgaris, Thalictrum minus, Dryas octopetala, Potentilla erecta, Potentilla tabernaemontani, Poterium sanguisorba, Asperula cynanchica, Galium sterneri, Galium verum, Saxifraga hypnoides, Viola hirta, Viola riviniana, Viola rupestris, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Avenula pratensis, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Briza media, Cynosurus cristatus, Dactylis glomerata, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Koeleria macrantha, Molinia caerulea, Sesleria caerulea
CG10 — Brownfield, Limestone pavement, Upland calcareous grassland
Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Thymus praecox grassland
Show 129 indicator speciesEmpetrum nigrum, Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex binervis, Carex caryophyllea, Carex demissa, Carex flacca, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Carex pulicaris, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Luzula sylvatica, Selaginella selaginoides, Breutelia chrysocoma, Bryum pallens, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Mnium hornum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Dicranum scoparium, Ditrichum flexicaule, Fissidens adianthoides, Fissidens osmundoides, Racomitrium canescens sens.lat., Racomitrium lanuginosum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Ctenidium molluscum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Sanionia uncinata, Thuidium delicatulum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Tortella tortuosa, Frullania tamarisci, Lophocolea bidentata, Plagiochila asplenioides, Ptilidium ciliare, Scapania undulata, Cetraria islandica, Peltigera canina, Angelica sylvestris, Achillea millefolium, Antennaria dioica, Bellis perennis, Cirsium palustre, Hieraclium spp., Hypochaeris radicata, Jacobaea vulgaris, Pilosella officinarum, Scorzoneroides autumnalis, Solidago virgaurea, Cardamine pratensis, Campanula rotundifolia, Succisa pratensis, Cerastium fontanum, Silene acaulis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Lathyrus montanus, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium repens, Gentianella campestris, Hypericum pulchrum, Thymus praecox, Pinguicula vulgaris, Linum catharticum, Euphrasia confusa, Euphrasia officinalis, Euphrasia scottica, Oxalis acetosella, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago maritima, Veronica officinalis, Polygala serpyllifolia, Polygonum viviparum, Rumex acetosa, Primula vulgaris, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Thalictrum alpinum, Alchemilla alpina, Alchemilla filicaulis, Alchemilla glabra, Alchemilla wichurae, Alchemilla xanthochlora, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Potentilla crantzii, Potentilla erecta, Potentilla sterilis, Rubus idaeus, Galium boreale, Galium saxatile, Galium sterneri, Galium verum, Saxifraga aizoides, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Aira praecox, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Avenula pratensis, Briza media, Cynosurus cristatus, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Koeleria macrantha, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Poa pratensis, Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum, Botrychium lunaria, Thelypteris limbosperma
CG11 — Upland calcareous grassland
Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Alchemilla alpina grass-heath
Show 115 indicator speciesEmpetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Carex binervis, Carex caryophyllea, Carex flacca, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Carex pulicaris, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus squarrosus, Juncus trifidus, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Luzula spicata, Luzula sylvatica, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Selaginella selaginoides, Breutelia chrysocoma, Mnium hornum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium canescens sens.lat., Racomitrium lanuginosum, Ctenidium molluscum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Sanionia uncinata, Thuidium delicatulum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Pogonatum urnigerum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Barbilophozia lycopodioides, Diplophyllum albicans, Frullania tamarisci, Nardia scalaris, Ptilidium ciliare, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia uncialis, Peltigera canina, Achillea millefolium, Antennaria dioica, Gnaphalium supinum, Hieraclium spp., Scorzoneroides autumnalis, Taraxacum officianalis, Campanula rotundifolia, Succisa pratensis, Cerastium alpinum, Cerastium fontanum, Minuartia sedoides, Silene acaulis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Lathyrus montanus, Trifolium repens, Thymus praecox, Pinguicula vulgaris, Linum catharticum, Narthecium ossifragum, Dactylorhiza viridis, Euphrasia officinalis, Oxalis acetosella, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago maritima, Veronica officinalis, Veronica serpyllifolia, Armeria maritima, Polygonum viviparum, Rumex acetosa, Primula vulgaris, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus acris, Thalictrum alpinum, Trollius europaeus, Alchemilla alpina, Alchemilla filicaulis, Alchemilla xanthochlora, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Potentilla crantzii, Potentilla erecta, Sibbaldia procumbens, Galium boreale, Galium saxatile, Saxifraga aizoides, Saxifraga hypnoides, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Viola canina, Viola palustris, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Festuca vivipara, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Blechnum spicant, Botrychium lunaria, Thelypteris limbosperma
CG13 — Limestone pavement, Upland calcareous grassland
Dryas octopetala-Carex flacca heath
Show 95 indicator speciesSalix repens, Empetrum nigrum, Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Juniperus communis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Rubus saxatilis, Carex flacca, Carex panicea, Carex pulicaris, Carex rupestris, Schoenus nigricans, Luzula campestris, Selaginella selaginoides, Breutelia chrysocoma, Dicranum scoparium, Ditrichum flexicaule, Fissidens dubius, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Ctenidium molluscum, Entodon concinnus, Homalothecium lutescens, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Loeskeobryum brevirostre, Neckera complanata, Neckera crispa, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Rhytidium rugosum, Thuidium delicatulum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Tortella tortuosa, Frullania tamarisci, Plagiochila asplenioides, Scapania undulata, Cladonia rangiformis, Solorina saccata, Daucus carota, Antennaria dioica, Bellis perennis, Centaurea nigra, Hypochaeris radicata, Jacobaea vulgaris, Pilosella officinarum, Scorzoneroides autumnalis, Solidago virgaurea, Taraxacum officianalis, Campanula rotundifolia, Succisa pratensis, Cerastium fontanum, Anthyllis vulneraria, Lathyrus montanus, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Gentianella amarella, Hypericum pulchrum, Thymus praecox, Pinguicula vulgaris, Linum catharticum, Epipactis atrorubens, Neottia ovata, Orchis mascula, Euphrasia confusa, Euphrasia officinalis, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago maritima, Plantago media, Polygala serpyllifolia, Polygonum viviparum, Primula vulgaris, Ranunculus acris, Thalictrum alpinum, Dryas octopetala, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Galium verum, Saxifraga aizoides, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Avenula pratensis, Cynosurus cristatus, Danthonia decumbens, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Festuca vivipara, Koeleria macrantha, Molinia caerulea, Polystichum aculeatum
CG14 — Mountain ledge
Dryas octopetala-Silene acaulis ledge community
Show 151 indicator speciesSalix arbuscula, Salix aurita, Salix lapponum, Salix myrsinites, Salix reticulata, Salix x boydii, Salix x phaeophylla, Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Rubus saxatilis, Salix herbacea, Carex atrata, Carex capillaris, Carex flacca, Carex pulicaris, Carex rupestris, Carex vaginata, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Luzula spicata, Luzula sylvatica, Huperzia selago, Selaginella selaginoides, Breutelia chrysocoma, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Mnium hornum, Plagiobryum zieri, Plagiopus oederianus, Dicranum scoparium, Distichium capillaceum, Ditrichum flexicaule, Fissidens adianthoides, Fissidens osmundoides, Encalypta streptocarpa, Racomitrium canescens sens.lat., Racomitrium lanuginosum, Abietinella abietina, Ctenidium molluscum, Entodon concinnus, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Orthothecium rufescens, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Ptilium crista-castrensis, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Rhytidium rugosum, Sanionia uncinata, Thuidium delicatulum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Tortella tortuosa, Blindia acuta, Sphagnum capillifolium, Barbilophozia barbata, Frullania tamarisci, Nardia scalaris, Plagiochila asplenioides, Ptilidium ciliare, Scapania aspera, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Preissia quadrata, Aneura pinguis, Metzgeria leptoneura, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia pyxidata, Peltigera aphthosa, Peltigera canina, Solorina saccata, Angelica sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Antennaria dioica, Bellis perennis, Crepis paludosa, Hieraclium spp., Pilosella officinarum, Saussurea alpina, Scorzoneroides autumnalis, Solidago virgaurea, Taraxacum officianalis, Arabis hirsuta, Draba incana, Campanula rotundifolia, Succisa pratensis, Cerastium alpinum, Cerastium fontanum, Cerastium nigrescens, Minuartia sedoides, Silene acaulis, Parnassia palustris, Sedum rosea, Equisetum variegatum, Orthilia secunda, Pyrola rotundifolia, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Lathyrus montanus, Lotus corniculatus, Gentianella campestris, Geranium sylvaticum, Hypericum pulchrum, Thymus praecox, Pinguicula vulgaris, Tofieldia pusilla, Linum catharticum, Dactylorhiza viridis, Bartsia alpina, Euphrasia frigida, Euphrasia officinalis, Rhinanthus minor, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago maritima, Veronica fruticans, Armeria maritima, Polygonum viviparum, Primula vulgaris, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus acris, Thalictrum alpinum, Trollius europaeus, Alchemilla alpina, Alchemilla filicaulis, Alchemilla glabra, Dryas octopetala, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Potentilla crantzii, Potentilla erecta, Galium boreale, Galium saxatile, Saxifraga aizoides, Saxifraga hypnoides, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Avenula pratensis, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Festuca vivipara, Nardus stricta, Sesleria caerulea, Asplenium viride, Polystichum lonchitis, Botrychium lunaria
M5 — Limestone pavement, Upland spring flush
Carex rostrata-Sphagnum squarrosum mire
Show 50 indicator speciesCarex canescens, Carex echinata, Carex nigra, Carex rostrata, Eriophorum angustifolium, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bulbosus, Juncus effusus, Luzula multiflora, Aulacomnium palustre, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Plagiomnium rostratum, Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Straminergon stramineum, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum contortum, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum fimbriatum, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum squarrosum, Sphagnum subnitens, Sphagnum teres, Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Cirsium palustre, Myosotis scorpioides, Cardamine pratensis, Succisa pratensis, Silene flos-cuculi, Stellaria alsine, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Mentha aquatica, Menyanthes trifoliata, Epilobium palustre, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus flammula, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Galium palustre, Viola palustris, Agrostis canina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Phragmites australis
M10 — Limestone pavement, Upland spring flush
Carex dioica-Pinguicula vulgaris mire
Show 99 indicator speciesErica tetralix, Myrica gale, Carex capillaris, Carex demissa, Carex dioica, Carex echinata, Carex flacca, Carex hostiana, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex pulicaris, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum latifolium, Kobresia simpliciuscula, Schoenus ferrugineus, Schoenus nigricans, Trichophorum cespitosum, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus alpinoarticulatus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bulbosus, Juncus squarrosus, Juncus triglumis, Luzula multiflora, Selaginella selaginoides, Breutelia chrysocoma, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Catoscopium nigritum, Plagiomnium rostratum, Ditrichum flexicaule, Fissidens adianthoides, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Cratoneuron filicinum, Ctenidium molluscum, Hylocomium splendens, Palustriella commutatum, Scorpidium revolvens, Scorpidium scorpioides, Hymenostylium recurvirostrum, Tortella tortuosa, Blindia acuta, Sphagnum subnitens, Scapania aspera, Aneura pinguis, Pellia endiviifolia, Angelica sylvestris, Caltha palustris, Cirsium palustre, Leontodon saxatilis, Scorzoneroides autumnalis, Taraxacum officianalis, Cardamine pratensis, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana dioica, Minuartia stricta, Minuartia verna, Sagina nodosa, Parnassia palustris, Drosera anglica, Drosera rotundifolia, Equisetum palustre, Equisetum variegatum, Triglochin palustre, Thymus praecox, Pinguicula lusitanica, Pinguicula vulgaris, Tofieldia pusilla, Linum catharticum, Narthecium ossifragum, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Bartsia alpina, Euphrasia officinalis, Pedicularis palustris, Pedicularis sylvatica, Plantago maritima, Polygonum viviparum, Primula farinosa, Primula vulgaris, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus flammula, Thalictrum alpinum, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla erecta, Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Saxifraga aizoides, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Briza media, Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Sesleria caerulea
M25 — Blanket bog, Coastal floodplain grazing marsh, Lowland fen, Purple moor grass and rush pasture, Upland acid grassland
Molinia caerulea-Potentilla erecta mire
Show 85 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Myrica gale, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Ulex europaeus, Ulex gallii, Carex echinata, Carex flacca, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Eriophorum angustifolium, Schoenus nigricans, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus effusus, Juncus subnodulosus, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Aulacomnium palustre, Pohlia nutans, Calliergon giganteum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Kindbergia praelonga, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum subnitens, Calypogeia fissa, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Lophocolea bidentata, Lophozia ventricosa, Angelica sylvestris, Carum verticillatum, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Achillea ptarmica, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Serratula tinctoria, Cardamine pratensis, Lobelia urens, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana officinalis, Equisetum palustre, Lotus pedunculatus, Hypericum pulchrum, Hypericum tetrapterum, Mentha aquatica, Scutellaria minor, Menyanthes trifoliata, Narthecium ossifragum, Epilobium palustre, Dactylorhiza maculata, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus flammula, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla erecta, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium palustre, Viola palustris, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis curtisii, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Phragmites australis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Osmunda regalis
M26 — Limestone pavement, Purple moor grass and rush pasture
Molinia caerulea-Crepis paludosa mire
Show 63 indicator speciesCarex appropinquata, Carex disticha, Carex echinata, Carex flacca, Carex hostiana, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex pulicaris, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus conglomeratus, Aulacomnium palustre, Plagiomnium undulatum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Campylium elodes, Climacium dendroides, Ctenidium molluscum, Hylocomium splendens, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Lophocolea bidentata, Plagiochila asplenioides, Angelica sylvestris, Caltha palustris, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium palustre, Crepis paludosa, Leontodon hispidus, Serratula tinctoria, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana dioica, Silene flos-cuculi, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Lathyrus pratensis, Trifolium repens, Menyanthes trifoliata, Rhinanthus minor, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex acetosa, Primula farinosa, Primula vulgaris, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus auricomus, Trollius europaeus, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Potentilla erecta, Sanguisorba officinalis, Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Briza media, Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Phragmites australis
M27 — Limestone pavement, Lowland fen, Upland spring flush
Filipendula ulmaria-Angelica sylvestris mire
Show 104 indicator speciesCarex acutiformis, Carex appropinquata, Carex disticha, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex paniculata, Carex rostrata, Carex vesicaria, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus conglomeratus, Juncus effusus, Juncus inflexus, Juncus subnodulosus, Sparganium erectum, Plagiomnium elatum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Calliergon cordifolium, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Kindbergia praelonga, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Chiloscyphus pallescens, Lophocolea bidentata, Angelica sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Oenanthe crocata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Achillea ptarmica, Caltha palustris, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium heterophyllum, Cirsium palustre, Crepis paludosa, Eupatorium cannabinum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Senecio aquaticus, Myosotis scorpioides, Cardamine flexuosa, Cardamine pratensis, Cochlearia pyrenaica, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana officinalis, Silene flos-cuculi, Stellaria alsine, Stellaria graminea, Calystegia sepium, Equisetum arvense, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum palustre, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Vicia cracca, Iris pseudacorus, Ajuga reptans, Mentha aquatica, Lythrum salicaria, Epilobium hirsutum, Epilobium obscurum, Epilobium palustre, Polygonum amphibium, Polygonum hydropiper, Rumex acetosa, Rumex crispus, Rumex sanguineus, Lysimachia vulgaris, Primula vulgaris, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus flammula, Ranunculus repens, Thalictrum flavum, Trollius europaeus, Alchemilla glabra, Comarum palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Potentilla anserina, Potentilla reptans, Rubus fruticosus agg., Sanguisorba officinalis, Galium aparine, Galium palustre, Galium uliginosum, Urtica dioica, Viola palustris, Agrostis canina, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Elytrigia repens, Festuca rubra, Glyceria maxima, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Phalaris arundinacea, Phleum pratense, Phragmites australis, Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis, Pteridium aquilinum
OV38 — Limestone pavement, Scree
Gymnocarpium robertianum-Arrhenatherum elatius community
Show 58 indicator speciesRosa spinosissima, Rubus saxatilis, Carex flacca, Bryum capillare, Dicranum scoparium, Distichium capillaceum, Fissidens dubius, Encalypta streptocarpa, Grimmia pulvinata, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Schistidium apocarpum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus, Ctenidium molluscum, Eurhynchium striatum, Homalothecium sericeum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Neckera crispa, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidium rugosum, Tortella tortuosa, Cladonia pocillum, Centaurea nigra, Jacobaea vulgaris, Leontodon hispidus, Mycelis muralis, Pilosella officinarum, Tussilago farfara, Arabis hirsuta, Campanula rotundifolia, Mercurialis perennis, Vicia sepium, Geranium molle, Geranium robertianum, Origanum vulgare, Teucrium scorodonia, Oxalis acetosella, Aquilegia vulgaris, Thalictrum minus, Fragaria vesca, Poterium sanguisorba, Galium sterneri, Saxifraga tridactylites, Viola riviniana, Arrhenatherum elatius, Avenula pratensis, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca ovina, Holcus lanatus, Poa pratensis, Schedonorus arundinaceus, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium viride, Dryopteris filix-mas, Cystopteris fragilis, Gymnocarpium robertianum
OV39 — Limestone pavement, Rocky slope
Asplenium trichomanes-Asplenium ruta-muraria community
Show 53 indicator speciesBryum capillare, Fissidens dubius, Encalypta streptocarpa, Schistidium apocarpum, Homalothecium sericeum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Neckera crispa, Syntrichia intermedia, Tortella tortuosa, Tortula muralis, Tortula ruralis, Tortula subulata, Trichostomum crispulum, Weissia controversa, Porella platyphylla, Reboulia hemisphaerica, Riccia sorocarpa, Targionia hypophylla, Cladonia pocillum, Dermatocarpon lachnaeum, Dermatocarpon miniatum, Squamarina cartilaginea, Toninia caeruleonigricans, Carlina vulgaris, Centaurea scabiosa, Pilosella officinarum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Hornungia petraea, Campanula rotundifolia, Scabiosa columbaria, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Silene nutans, Sedum acre, Medicago lupulina, Geranium molle, Acinos arvensis, Teucrium scorodonia, Thymus praecox, Veronica arvensis, Potentilla tabernaemontani, Poterium sanguisorba, Galium sterneri, Saxifraga tridactylites, Aira caryophyllea, Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca ovina, Koeleria macrantha, Aphanes arvensis, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, Asplenium ceterach, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Asplenium trichomanes, Anogramma leptophylla
OV40 — Limestone pavement, Rocky slope
Asplenium viride-Cystopteris fragilis community
Show 35 indicator speciesPlagiobryum zieri, Pohlia cruda, Fissidens dubius, Encalypta streptocarpa, Ctenidium molluscum, Homalothecium sericeum, Isopterygiopsis pulchella, Neckera crispa, Orthothecium intricatum, Orthothecium rufescens, Anoectangium aestivum, Tortella tortuosa, Trichostomum crispulum, Weissia controversa, Plagiochila porelloides, Porella platyphylla, Reboulia hemisphaerica, Pellia endiviifolia, Solorina saccata, Campanula rotundifolia, Geranium robertianum, Thymus praecox, Poterium sanguisorba, Galium sterneri, Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca ovina, Koeleria macrantha, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Asplenium scolopendrium, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium viride, Polystichum aculeatum, Polystichum lonchitis, Anogramma leptophylla, Cystopteris fragilis
U2 — Brownfield, Lowland dry acid grassland, Upland acid grassland
Deschampsia flexuosa grassland
Show 40 indicator speciesBetula pendula, Quercus hybrid, Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ulex europaeus, Carex nigra, Eriophorum vaginatum, Juncus effusus, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula multiflora, Orthodontium lineare, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus pyriformis, Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum cupressiforme, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum piliferum, Barbilophozia floerkei, Cladonia gracilis, Chamerion angustifolium, Rumex acetosa, Rumex acetosella, Potentilla erecta, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium saxatile, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis vinealis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus mollis, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Poa annua, Pteridium aquilinum
U3 — Lowland dry acid grassland, Upland acid grassland
Agrostis curtisii grassland
Show 34 indicator speciesCalluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ulex europaeus, Ulex gallii, Carex binervis, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Luzula campestris, Dicranum scoparium, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Cladonia floerkeana, Cladonia impexa, Hypochaeris radicata, Teucrium scorodonia, Polygala serpyllifolia, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis curtisii, Agrostis vinealis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Pteridium aquilinum
U4 — Lowland dry acid grassland, Upland acid grassland, Upland calcareous grassland
Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile grassland
Show 82 indicator speciesCalluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex binervis, Carex caryophyllea, Carex echinata, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Juncus effusus, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Luzula sylvatica, Mnium hornum, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum commune, Lophocolea bidentata, Conopodium majus, Achillea millefolium, Bellis perennis, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium vulgare, Taraxacum officianalis, Campanula rotundifolia, Succisa pratensis, Cerastium fontanum, Lathyrus montanus, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Thymus praecox, Euphrasia officinalis, Oxalis acetosella, Plantago lanceolata, Veronica chamaedrys, Veronica officinalis, Polygala serpyllifolia, Rumex acetosa, Primula vulgaris, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Potentilla erecta, Poterium sanguisorba, Galium saxatile, Galium verum, Viola lutea, Viola palustris, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Avenula pratensis, Briza media, Cynosurus cristatus, Dactylis glomerata, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Lolium perenne, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Poa annua, Poa pratensis, Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum, Chara curta
U5 — Upland acid grassland, Upland calcareous grassland
Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile grassland
Show 79 indicator speciesEmpetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex bigelowii, Carex binervis, Carex demissa, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Carex pulicaris, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus effusus, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Luzula sylvatica, Huperzia selago, Selaginella selaginoides, Aulacomnium palustre, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum formosum, Polytrichum juniperinum, Sphagnum papillosum, Barbilophozia floerkei, Calypogeia muelleriana, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophocolea bidentata, Lophozia ventricosa, Pleurozia purpurea, Ptilidium ciliare, Scapania gracilis, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia uncialis, Cirsium palustre, Scorzoneroides autumnalis, Campanula rotundifolia, Cerastium fontanum, Equisetum palustre, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Trifolium repens, Narthecium ossifragum, Plantago lanceolata, Polygala serpyllifolia, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus acris, Alchemilla alpina, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis vinealis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Blechnum spicant
U15 — Mountain ledge
Saxifraga aizoides-Alchemilla glabra banks
Show 97 indicator speciesCalluna vulgaris, Carex capillaris, Carex demissa, Carex flacca, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex panicea, Carex pulicaris, Juncus articulatus, Juncus triglumis, Luzula multiflora, Luzula sylvatica, Selaginella selaginoides, Breutelia chrysocoma, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Philonotis fontana, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Dicranum scoparium, Ditrichum flexicaule, Fissidens adianthoides, Racomitrium canescens sens.lat., Calliergonell cuspidatum, Campylium stellatum, Cratoneuron filicinum, Ctenidium molluscum, Hylocomium splendens, Orthothecium rufescens, Palustriella commutatum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Sanionia uncinata, Scorpidium revolvens, Thuidium tamariscinum, Atrichum undulatum, Anoectangium aestivum, Tortella tortuosa, Blindia acuta, Leiocolea bantriensis, Lophocolea bidentata, Nardia scalaris, Plagiochila asplenioides, Scapania undulata, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Preissia quadrata, Aneura pinguis, Pellia endiviifolia, Pellia epiphylla, Angelica sylvestris, Crepis paludosa, Hieraclium spp., Taraxacum officianalis, Tussilago farfara, Cochlearia officinalis, Campanula rotundifolia, Succisa pratensis, Cerastium fontanum, Silene acaulis, Parnassia palustris, Sedum rosea, Equisetum pratense, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium repens, Thymus praecox, Pinguicula vulgaris, Linum catharticum, Epilobium anagallidifolium, Euphrasia officinalis, Rhinanthus minor, Oxalis acetosella, Plantago lanceolata, Oxyria digyna, Polygonum viviparum, Rumex acetosa, Primula vulgaris, Ranunculus acris, Thalictrum alpinum, Alchemilla alpina, Alchemilla filicaulis, Alchemilla glabra, Geum rivale, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Saxifraga aizoides, Saxifraga hypnoides, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Avenula pratensis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Nardus stricta, Asplenium viride, Cystopteris fragilis
U16 — Mountain ledge
Luzula sylvatica-Vaccinium myrtillus tall-herb community
Show 80 indicator speciesSalix lapponum, Fraxinus excelsior, Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Salix lanata, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex bigelowii, Carex binervis, Carex nigra, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula sylvatica, Huperzia selago, Mnium hornum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Dicranum fuscescens, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum callichroum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Kindbergia praelonga, Plagiothecium denticulatum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Atrichum undulatum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum girgensohnii, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum russowii, Sphagnum subnitens, Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophocolea bidentata, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia uncialis, Conopodium majus, Crepis paludosa, Solidago virgaurea, Campanula rotundifolia, Lonicera periclymenum, Succisa pratensis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Geranium sylvaticum, Oxalis acetosella, Digitalis purpurea, Rumex acetosa, Anemone nemorosa, Alchemilla alpina, Alchemilla glabra, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Nardus stricta, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris borreri, Dryopteris dilatata, Phegopteris connectilis, Thelypteris limbosperma, Athyrium distentifolium, Athyrium filix-femina, Gymnocarpium dryopteris
U17 — Mountain ledge
Luzula sylvatica-Geum rivale tall-herb community
Show 167 indicator speciesSalix cinerea, Salix reticulata, Betula pubescens, Sorbus aucuparia, Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Rubus saxatilis, Carex atrata, Carex bigelowii, Carex binervis, Carex demissa, Carex flacca, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex pulicaris, Carex vaginata, Luzula multiflora, Luzula sylvatica, Huperzia selago, Selaginella selaginoides, Breutelia chrysocoma, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Mnium hornum, Philonotis fontana, Plagiomnium rostratum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Ditrichum flexicaule, Fissidens adianthoides, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hookeria lucens, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Campylium stellatum, Ctenidium molluscum, Hylocomiastrum umbratum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Kindbergia praelonga, Loeskeobryum brevirostre, Palustriella commutatum, Plagiothecium denticulatum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Sanionia uncinata, Scorpidium revolvens, Thuidium tamariscinum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum commune, Tortella tortuosa, Blindia acuta, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Barbilophozia floerkei, Bazzania tricrenata, Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Diplophyllum albicans, Frullania tamarisci, Herbertus stramineus, Lophocolea bidentata, Mastigophora woodsii, Nardia scalaris, Plagiochila asplenioides, Plagiochila spinulosa, Scapania undulata, Aneura pinguis, Pellia endiviifolia, Pellia epiphylla, Peltigera canina, Angelica sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium heterophyllum, Cirsium palustre, Crepis paludosa, Hieraclium spp., Saussurea alpina, Scorzoneroides autumnalis, Solidago virgaurea, Taraxacum officianalis, Tussilago farfara, Arabis hirsuta, Cochlearia officinalis, Draba incana, Campanula rotundifolia, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana officinalis, Cerastium alpinum, Cerastium fontanum, Silene acaulis, Silene dioica, Parnassia palustris, Sedum rosea, Orthilia secunda, Pyrola rotundifolia, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Mercurialis perennis, Lathyrus montanus, Lotus corniculatus, Vicia sepium, Geranium sylvaticum, Hypericum pulchrum, Teucrium scorodonia, Thymus praecox, Pinguicula vulgaris, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Linum catharticum, Epilobium montanum, Dactylorhiza viridis, Orchis mascula, Euphrasia officinalis, Rhinanthus minor, Oxalis acetosella, Plantago lanceolata, Veronica officinalis, Armeria maritima, Oxyria digyna, Polygonum viviparum, Rumex acetosa, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus acris, Thalictrum alpinum, Thalictrum minus, Trollius europaeus, Alchemilla alpina, Alchemilla filicaulis, Alchemilla glabra, Dryas octopetala, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Potentilla crantzii, Potentilla erecta, Galium boreale, Galium saxatile, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Saxifraga aizoides, Saxifraga hypnoides, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Poa glauca, Asplenium viride, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris borreri, Dryopteris dilatata, Dryopteris filix-mas, Polystichum lonchitis, Phegopteris connectilis, Thelypteris limbosperma, Athyrium filix-femina, Cystopteris fragilis
U18 — Rocky slope, Scree
Cryptogramma crispa-Athyrium distentifolium snow-bed
Show 64 indicator speciesVaccinium myrtillus, Carex bigelowii, Juncus trifidus, Luzula spicata, Huperzia selago, Pohlia nutans, Rhizomnium punctatum, Dicranum fuscescens, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Kiaeria starkei, Racomitrium canescens sens.lat., Racomitrium fasciculare, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomiastrum umbratum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum callichroum, Kindbergia praelonga, Plagiothecium denticulatum, Plagiothecium nemorale, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Sanionia uncinata, Oligotrichum hercynicum, Pogonatum urnigerum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichastrum sexangulare, Polytrichum piliferum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Anastrepta orcadensis, Barbilophozia floerkei, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophozia obtusa, Lophozia sudetica, Ptilidium ciliare, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia gracilis, Peltigera canina, Gnaphalium supinum, Cerastium fontanum, Epilobium anagallidifolium, Oxalis acetosella, Oxyria digyna, Rumex acetosa, Alchemilla alpina, Sibbaldia procumbens, Galium saxatile, Saxifraga stellaris, Viola palustris, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta, Cryptogramma crispa, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris dilatata, Phegopteris connectilis, Thelypteris limbosperma, Athyrium distentifolium, Gymnocarpium dryopteris
U21 — Rocky slope, Scree
Cryptogramma crispa-Deschampsia flexuosa community
Show 54 indicator speciesEmpetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Mnium hornum, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Grimmia donniana, Racomitrium fasciculare, Racomitrium heterostichum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Isothecium myosuroides, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Pogonatum urnigerum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum formosum, Polytrichum juniperinum, Polytrichum strictum, Sphagnum subnitens, Barbilophozia floerkei, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Cephaloziella hampeana, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophozia ventricosa, Nardia scalaris, Ptilidium ciliare, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia squamosa, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Oxalis acetosella, Digitalis purpurea, Rumex acetosella, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta, Cryptogramma crispa, Thelypteris limbosperma
W9 — Altantic hazel wood, Limestone pavement, Upland mixed ash wood
Fraxinus excelsior-Sorbus aucuparia-Mercurialis perennis woodland
Show 136 indicator speciesHedera helix, Salix cinerea, Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ilex aquifolium, Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus hybrid, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Pinus sylvestris, Prunus padus, Sorbus aucuparia, Alnus glutinosa, Populus tremula, Ulmus glabra, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus saxatilis, Carex pallescens, Carex sylvatica, Luzula sylvatica, Mnium hornum, Plagiomnium rostratum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Dicranum scoparium, Fissidens curnovii, Fissidens taxifolius, Brachythecium rutabulum, Cirriphyllum piliferum, Ctenidium molluscum, Eurhynchium striatum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Isothecium alopecuroides, Isothecium myosuroides, Kindbergia praelonga, Loeskeobryum brevirostre, Oxyrrhynchium hians, Plagiothecium denticulatum, Plagiothecium succulentum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Thuidium delicatulum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Atrichum undulatum, Polytrichum formosum, Lophocolea bidentata, Plagiochila asplenioides, Pellia endiviifolia, Pellia epiphylla, Adoxa moschatellina, Angelica sylvestris, Anthriscus sylvestris, Conopodium majus, Heracleum sphondylium, Sanicula europaea, Arum maculatum, Cirsium heterophyllum, Cirsium palustre, Crepis paludosa, Jacobaea vulgaris, Tussilago farfara, Cardamine flexuosa, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana officinalis, Silene dioica, Stellaria holostea, Mercurialis perennis, Vicia sepium, Geranium robertianum, Geranium sylvaticum, Ajuga reptans, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Stachys sylvatica, Allium ursinum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Circaea lutetiana, Circaea x intermedia, Epilobium montanum, Oxalis acetosella, Digitalis purpurea, Veronica chamaedrys, Veronica montana, Rumex acetosa, Lysimachia nemorum, Primula vulgaris, Anemone nemorosa, Ficaria verna, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Trollius europaeus, Alchemilla glabra, Alchemilla xanthochlora, Filipendula ulmaria, Fragaria vesca, Geum rivale, Geum urbanum, Potentilla erecta, Potentilla sterilis, Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus agg., Rubus idaeus, Cruciata laevipes, Galium aparine, Galium odoratum, Galium saxatile, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Urtica dioica, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromopsis ramosa, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Melica uniflora, Milium effusum, Poa trivialis, Schedonorus giganteus, Asplenium scolopendrium, Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris borreri, Dryopteris dilatata, Dryopteris filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina
W20 — Montane scrub
Salix lapponum-Luzula sylvatica scrub
Show 107 indicator speciesSalix arbuscula, Salix cinerea, Salix lapponum, Salix myrsinites, Salix phylicifolia, Salix reticulata, Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Salix lanata, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Carex atrata, Carex bigelowii, Carex binervis, Carex flacca, Luzula multiflora, Luzula sylvatica, Huperzia selago, Selaginella selaginoides, Aulacomnium palustre, Mnium hornum, Philonotis fontana, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Dicranum bonjeanii, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Fissidens adianthoides, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Ctenidium molluscum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum callichroum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Palustriella commutatum, Plagiothecium denticulatum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Ptilium crista-castrensis, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Sanionia uncinata, Scorpidium revolvens, Thuidium tamariscinum, Atrichum undulatum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum girgensohnii, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum russowii, Sphagnum squarrosum, Sphagnum subnitens, Sphagnum teres, Barbilophozia barbata, Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophocolea bidentata, Plagiochila porelloides, Ptilidium ciliare, Scapania undulata, Cladonia squamosa, Peltigera canina, Angelica sylvestris, Caltha palustris, Hieraclium spp., Saussurea alpina, Solidago virgaurea, Campanula rotundifolia, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana officinalis, Rhodiola rosea, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus praecox, Epilobium anagallidifolium, Dactylorhiza viridis, Euphrasia officinalis, Rhinanthus minor, Oxalis acetosella, Oxyria digyna, Polygonum viviparum, Rumex acetosa, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus acris, Thalictrum alpinum, Alchemilla alpina, Alchemilla glabra, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Galium boreale, Galium saxatile, Saxifraga aizoides, Saxifraga hypnoides, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Saxifraga stellaris, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Nardus stricta, Dryopteris dilatata, Phegopteris connectilis
W21 — Hedgerow scrub, Mixed scrub
Crataegus monogyna-Hedera helix scrub
Show 81 indicator speciesHedera helix, Salix cinerea, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ilex aquifolium, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Malus sylvestris, Sorbus aria, Taxus baccata, Ulmus glabra, Ulmus procera, Sambucus nigra, Viburnum lantana, Euonymus europaeus, Cornus sanguinea, Juniperus communis, Ligustrum vulgare, Clematis vitalba, Rhamnus cathartica, Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Juncus effusus, Plagiomnium undulatum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Kindbergia praelonga, Rhynchostegium confertum, Tamus communis, Heracleum sphondylium, Torilis japonica, Arum maculatum, Arctium minus, Cirsium arvense, Lonicera periclymenum, Moehringia trinervia, Silene dioica, Stellaria graminea, Stellaria holostea, Stellaria media agg., Calystegia sepium, Mercurialis perennis, Geranium robertianum, Iris foetidissima, Glechoma hederacea, Lamium purpureum, Origanum vulgare, Stachys sylvatica, Teucrium scorodonia, Allium ursinum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Circaea lutetiana, Rumex sanguineus, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus repens, Fragaria vesca, Geum urbanum, Potentilla sterilis, Poterium sanguisorba, Rosa arvensis, Rosa canina, Rubia peregrina, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium aparine, Urtica dioica, Viola riviniana, Anisantha sterilis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Brachypodium pinnatum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromopsis erecta, Dactylis glomerata, Elytrigia repens, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Poa trivialis, Asplenium scolopendrium, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris filix-mas
W22 — Hedgerow scrub, Mixed scrub
Prunus spinosa-Rubus fruticosus scrub
Show 49 indicator speciesHedera helix, Acer campestre, Corylus avellana, Ulex europaeus, Prunus spinosa, Plagiomnium undulatum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Eurhynchium striatum, Kindbergia praelonga, Thuidium tamariscinum, Atrichum undulatum, Lophocolea bidentata, Achillea millefolium, Cardamine flexuosa, Lonicera periclymenum, Moehringia trinervia, Silene dioica, Silene uniflora, Stellaria media agg., Mercurialis perennis, Geranium robertianum, Stachys sylvatica, Teucrium scorodonia, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Oxalis acetosella, Digitalis purpurea, Plantago lanceolata, Veronica chamaedrys, Armeria maritima, Rumex acetosa, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum urbanum, Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus agg., Rubus idaeus, Galium aparine, Urtica dioica, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Poa trivialis, Asplenium scolopendrium, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris borreri, Dryopteris filix-mas