Waterwynch Bay to Saundersfoot Harbour
Climate exposure
This is about exposure to a nationwide pressure this habitat type carries — not a verdict on this site's own management.
Coastal habitats are exposed to sea-level rise and storm erosion. Where hard sea defences sit behind them, there's nowhere landward to retreat to — a squeeze that keeps compressing the habitat no matter how well it's managed.
Habitats
Ancient woodland, Fast flowing river and stream, Lowland dry heath, Mixed scrub, Montane scrub
Geology & landscape
Geological Period: Carboniferous
Landscape processes: Coastal
Birds & fish recorded
Birds
| Species | Season |
|---|---|
| fulmar | Breeding |
| peregrine | Breeding |
Fish
| Species | Season |
|---|---|
| Allis shad | Unknown |
| Twaite shad | Unknown |
Description
Description The undulating cliffs from Waterwynch Bay to Saundersfoot Harbour stretch for some 4 km, rise to some 75m and form the backdrop to beaches and rocky outcrops that reach their furthest seaward extent at Monkstone Point. The site is of special interest for its Upper Carboniferous geology, marine biological communities, coastal scrub and a mixture of maritime heath, maritime grassland and crevice communities. GEOLOGY: This is the best natural exposure of lower Westphalian A (Upper Carboniferous) rocks in Britain. About 300 metres of strata, assigned to the Carbonicola lenisulcata Zone, occur in a series of faulted blocks, which can be reconstructed into a more or less continuous sequence. The Gastrioceras subcrenatum Marine Band, which is internationally recognised as the base of the Westphalian Series, is thicker here than in any other place in the South Wales Coalfield and has fully characteristic goniatite-phase fauna. The overlying rocks clearly show how the western end of the coalfield developed during the early Westphalian, with river deltas steadily spreading southwards, although marine conditions were still periodically re-established. Towards the top of the section, however, the strata are exclusively deltaic and lacustrine. Nine beds have yielded non-marine bivalves with faunas typical of the C. lenisulcata Zone. Nowhere else in the southern province of Britain are so many non-marine bivalve horizons known in strata of this age. They are of considerable importance when trying to compare the southern province and the Pennines and Scottish coalfields, where the bivalve faunas are more abundant and used extensively for stratigraphical correlations. Four fossil-plant bearing beds have been found yielding typical lower Westphalian A floras. Of particular interest are the Monkstone Point Plant Beds, which played a central role in determining the Westphalian (rather than Namurian) age of these rocks. This coastal section is of national importance for understanding early Westphalian A stratigraphy and palaeogeography. BIOLOGY: To the south of Monkstone Point the site consists of a series of small sandy bays that lie between rocky headlands, backed by sections of unstable vertical cliff. The upper sand shore in these bays supports communities dominated by amphipods Bathyporeia sp. and isopods such as Eurydice pulchra. The lower to middle shore supports communities of segmented worms including catworms Nephtys sp., lug worm Arenicola marina and sand mason worm Lanice conchilega, molluscs such as thin tellin Angulus tenuis and echinodermata such as the common heart urchin Echinocardinum cordatum. North of Monkstone Point and up to Saundersfoot Harbour the sand is backed by areas of cobbles and boulders at the base of the cliffs. The shore along this stretch also supports additional species such as daisy anemone Cereus pedunculatus and swimming crab Liocarcinus depurator, which can be found on the lower shore, whilst the middle shore supports cockle Cerastoderma edule, banded wedge shell Donax vittatus, brittle star Ophiura ophiura and sea slug Philine aperta. Between the bays, many of the lower shore rocks are dominated by serrated wrack Fucus serratus and turf-forming red algae such as pepper dulse Osmundea pinnatifida and Mastocarpus stellatus. Vertical rock sides and overhangs higher up the lower shore rock support a rich variety of animal species including purse sponge Grantia compressa, boring sponge Cliona celata, sea squirts such as Botrylloides leachi and star ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Some of these overhangs are dominated by red algae and include species such as Plocamium cartilagineum, Lomentaria articulata and pepper dulse. A mussel Mytilus edulis -dominated zone occurs higher up the rocky shores and at the base of the cliffs backing the sandy bays. Further up the rock, mussels are replaced by a zone of barnacles Chthamalus sp. and Semibalanus balanoides, interspersed with limpets Patella sp. and channel wrack Pelvetia canaliculata, along with red algal species such as Catenella caespitosa and pepper dulse. The lichen zone at the top of the cliff consists of black tar lichen Verrucaria maura with bands of yellow and grey lichens, including Ramalina sp. in the splash zone above. Rockpools characterised by coralline algae Corallina officinalis, carragheen moss Chondrus crispus, and beadlet anemone Actinia equina occur within areas of lower shore rock throughout the site, with deep wrack and kelp-dominated pools towards the eastern end of Monkstone Point. Caves along the bottom of the cliffs support encrusting coralline algae, sponges such as breadcrumb sponge Halichondria panicea, sea squirts, barnacles and anemones. Within and above the lichen zone, rocky crevices exposed to salt-spray bear rock samphire Crithmum maritimum and rock sea-spurrey Spergularia rupicola. Further inland on the vegetated coastal slopes, thrift Armeria maritima and buck's-horn plantain Plantago coronopus have colonised the accumulated debris from shales and sandstones that occur scattered throughout the length of the site. On south-easterly slopes, these are replaced by a mixture of maritime grasslands dominated by red fescue Festuca rubra in combination with sea plantain Plantago maritima and sea campion Silene uniflora. Yorkshire-fog Holcus lanatus becomes increasingly abundant as the maritime influence declines inland. Deeper soils south of Monkstone Point support small, fragmented areas of coastal heath, with western gorse Ulex gallii, heather Calluna vulgaris and spring squill Scilla verna present. Scrub communities, including dense thickets of blackthorn Prunus spinosa and privet Ligustrum vulgare with frequent wild madder Rubia peregrina are extensive between Monkstone Point and Waterstone Bay. To the north, the site includes a strip of the ancient woodland of Rhode Wood, which is a remnant of the once extensive Coedrath Forest. Nationally scarce vascular plants occur at several locations. Portland spurge Euphorbia portlandica and ivy broomrape Orobanche hederae grow on the slopes of Monkstone Point. Dotted sedge Carex punctata and numerous large stands of royal fern Osmunda regalis are a feature of the freshwater seepages on these cliffs. Two pairs of peregrine Falco peregrinus and small numbers of fulmar Fulmarus glacialis regularly nest and breed within the site. Allis shad Alosa alosa and twaite shad A. fallax have been observed in the intertidal waters of this shore. Remarks: The site lies wholly within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. The Crown Estate owns the majority of the foreshore, which is leased to Pembrokeshire County Council and the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. The allis and twaite shad Alosa alosa and A fallax are listed in Annex IIa of the EC Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora). Areas of the forshore are included within the Carmarthen Bay and Estuaries/Bae Caerfyrddin ac Aberoedd Special Area of Conservation for their “mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide” and as part of the “large shallow inlets and bays” feature.
Species mentioned
Show the 48 species mentioned in the description, with red-list status| English name search for this in other sites |
Latin name search with Google |
IUCN / Red List | Type | Family |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| serrated wrack | Fucus serratus | Not listed in GB list | algae brown | fucaceae |
| channel wrack | Pelvetia canaliculata | Not listed in GB list | algae brown | fucaceae |
| creeping chain weed | Catenella caespitosa | Not listed in GB list | algae red | caulacanthaceae |
| Irish moss | Chondrus crispus | Not listed in GB list | algae red | gigartinaceae |
| common coral weed | Corallina officinalis | Not listed in GB list | algae red | corallinaceae |
| bunny-eared bead weed | Lomentaria articulata | Not listed in GB list | algae red | lomentariaceae |
| grape pip weed | Mastocarpus stellatus | Not listed in GB list | algae red | phyllophoraceae |
| pepper dulse | Osmundea pinnatifida | Not listed in GB list | algae red | rhodomelaceae |
| cock's comb | Plocamium cartilagineum | Not listed in GB list | algae red | plocamiaceae |
| amphipod | Bathyporeia | Not listed in GB list | amphipod | bathyporeiidae |
| beadlet anenome | Actinia equina | Not listed in GB list | anemone | actiniidae |
| daisy anemone | Cereus pedunculatus | Not listed in GB list | anemone | sagartiidae |
| sand mason worm | Lanice conchilega | Not listed in GB list | annelid | terebellidae |
| acorn barnacle | Semibalanus balanoides | Not listed in GB list | barnacle | archaeobalanidae |
| fulmar | Fulmarus glacialis | CR (Breeding) | bird-fulmar | procellariidae |
| peregrine | Falco peregrinus | LC (Breeding) | bird-hawk | falconidae |
| thin tellin | Angulus tenuis | Not listed in GB list | bivalve | tellinidae |
| cockle | Cerastoderma edule | Not listed in GB list | bivalve | cardiidae |
| blue mussel | Mytilus edulis | LC | bivalve | mytilidae |
| brittle star | Ophiura ophiura | Not listed in GB list | brittle star | ophiuridae |
| royal fern | Osmunda regalis | LC | fern | osmundaceae |
| Allis shad | Alosa alosa | CR | fish | clupeidae |
| red fescue | Festuca rubra | LC | grass | poaceae |
| Yorkshire fog | Holcus lanatus | LC | grass | poaceae |
| thrift | Armeria maritima | CR | herb | plumbaginaceae |
| rock samphire | Crithmum maritimum | LC | herb | apiaceae |
| Portland spurge | Euphorbia portlandica | LC | herb | euphorbiaceae |
| ivy broomrape | Orobanche hederae | LC | herb | orobanchaceae |
| buck's-horn plantain | Plantago coronopus | LC | herb | plantaginaceae |
| sea plantain | Plantago maritima | LC | herb | plantaginaceae |
| madder | Rubia peregrina | LC | herb | rosaceae |
| spring squill | Scilla verna | LC | herb | liliaceae |
| sea campion | Silene uniflora | LC | herb | carophyllaceae |
| rock spurrey | Spergularia rupicola | LC | herb | carophyllaceae |
| sea tar | Verrucaria maura | Not listed in GB list | lichen | no common name |
| bivalve | Donax vittatus | Not listed in GB list | mollusc | donacidae |
| blow lugworm | Arenicola marina | Not listed in GB list | polychaete | arenicolidae |
| speckled sea louse | Eurydice pulchra | Not listed in GB list | sea louse | cirolanidae |
| sea squirt | Botrylloides leachi | Not listed in GB list | seasquirt | styelidae |
| star ascidian | Botryllus schlosseri | Not listed in GB list | seasquirt | styelidae |
| dotted sedge | Carex punctata | LC | sedge | cyperaceae |
| wild privet | Ligustrum vulgare | LC | shrub | oleaceae |
| blackthorn | Prunus spinosa | LC | shrub | rosaceae |
| western gorse | Ulex gallii | LC | shrub | leguminosae |
| bell heather or ling | Calluna vulgaris | NT | shrub dwarf | ericaceae |
| boring sponge | Cliona celata | Not listed in GB list | sponge | clionaidae |
| purse sponge | Grantia compressa | Not listed in GB list | sponge | grantiidae |
| breadcomb sponge | Halichondria panicea | Not listed in GB list | sponge | halichondriidae |
Plant communities
A9 — Fast flowing river and stream, Marginal and inundation, Pond ditch and canal, Sluggish river and stream
Potamogeton natans community
Show 20 indicator speciesSchoenoplectus lacustris, Juncus bulbosus, Sparganium angustifolium, Sparganium erectum, Sparganium minimum, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Lobelia dortmanna, Equisetum fluviatile, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Elodea canadensis, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, Nymphaea alba, Callitriche platycarpa, Callitriche stagnalis, Littorella uniflora, Potamogeton natans, Ranunculus trichophyllus, Glyceria fluitans, Chara subspinosa
A14 — Fast flowing river and stream
Myriophyllum alterniflorum community
Show 15 indicator speciesIsolepis fluitans, Juncus bulbosus, Fontinalis antipyretica, Lobelia dortmanna, Equisetum fluviatile, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Lemna minor, Callitriche stagnalis, Littorella uniflora, Potamogeton filiformis, Potamogeton gramineus, Potamogeton natans, Ranunculus peltatus, Chara spp., Nitella hyalina
A17 — Chalk river and stream, Fast flowing river and stream
Ranunculus penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitans community
Show 11 indicator speciesBerula erecta, Nasturtium officinale, Elodea canadensis, Lemna minor, Callitriche stagnalis, Veronica beccabunga, Polygonum amphibium, Polygonum hydropiper, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton pectinatus, Ranunculus penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitans
A18 — Fast flowing river and stream
Ranunculus fluitans community
Show 12 indicator speciesFontinalis antipyretica, Fontinalis squamosa var. curnowii, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Myriophyllum spicatum, Elodea canadensis, Mentha aquatica, Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Ranunculus fluitans, Glyceria fluitans, Phalaris arundinacea
H1 — Lowland dry heath
Calluna vulgaris-Festuca ovina heath
Show 36 indicator speciesCalluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Ulex europaeus, Carex arenaria, Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranum scoparium, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Polytrichum juniperinum, Ptilidium ciliare, Hypogymnia physodes, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia coniocraea, Cladonia fimbriata, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia macilenta, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia squamosa, Cladonia tenuis, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Jacobaea vulgaris, Campanula rotundifolia, Cerastium fontanum, Teucrium scorodonia, Rumex acetosella, Galium saxatile, Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Holcus lanatus, Pteridium aquilinum
H2 — Lowland dry heath
Calluna vulgaris-Ulex minor heath
Show 32 indicator speciesPinus sylvestris, Sorbus aucuparia, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ulex europaeus, Ulex gallii, Ulex minor, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum jutlandicum, Polytrichum juniperinum, Polytrichum piliferum, Kurzia spp., Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia chlorophaea, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia fimbriata, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia impexa, Cuscuta epithymum, Genista anglica, Potentilla erecta, Rubus fruticosus agg., Agrostis canina, Agrostis curtisii, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Molinia caerulea, Pteridium aquilinum
H3 — Lowland dry heath, Lowland wet heath
Ulex minor-Agrostis curtisii heath
Show 33 indicator speciesQuercus robur, Calluna vulgaris, Erica ciliaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Ulex europaeus, Ulex minor, Carex pilulifera, Schoenus nigricans, Campylopus brevipilus, Campylopus flexuosus, Leucobryum glaucum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Polytrichum juniperinum, Kurzia spp., Hypogymnia physodes, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia crispata, Cladonia floerkeana, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia uncialis, Cuscuta epithymum, Hypericum pulchrum, Polygala serpyllifolia, Potentilla erecta, Viola lactea, Agrostis curtisii, Danthonia decumbens, Molinia caerulea, Pteridium aquilinum, Zygogonium ericetorum
H4 — Lowland dry heath, Lowland wet heath, Upland dry heath
Ulex gallii-Agrostis curtisii heath
Show 63 indicator speciesSalix repens, Calluna vulgaris, Erica ciliaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Erica vagans, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ulex gallii, Carex binervis, Carex flacca, Carex montana, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula multiflora, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus flexuosus, Campylopus introflexus, Dicranum scoparium, Leucobryum glaucum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Polytrichum juniperinum, Calypogeia fissa, Calypogeia muelleriana, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophocolea bidentata, Hypogymnia physodes, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia chlorophaea, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia crispata, Cladonia fimbriata, Cladonia floerkeana, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia subcervicornis, Cladonia uncialis, Cuscuta epithymum, Lotus corniculatus, Thymus praecox, Pedicularis sylvatica, Polygala serpyllifolia, Polygala vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Viola lactea, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis curtisii, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Pteridium aquilinum
H7 — Hard cliff and cliff slope, Lowland dry heath
Calluna vulgaris-Scilla verna heath
Show 70 indicator speciesSalix repens, Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Erica vagans, Juniperus communis, Ulex europaeus, Carex caryophyllea, Carex flacca, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex pulicaris, Carex serotina, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Selaginella selaginoides, Hypnum cupressiforme, Frullania tamarisci, Cladonia chlorophaea, Cladonia rangiformis, Daucus carota, Achillea millefolium, Hypochaeris radicata, Leontodon saxatilis, Leucanthemum vulgare, Scorzoneroides autumnalis, Serratula tinctoria, Jasione montana, Succisa pratensis, Cerastium diffusum, Cerastium fontanum, Silene uniflora, Sedum anglicum, Anthyllis vulneraria, Astragalus danicus, Genista pilosa, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium repens, Centaurium erythraea, Thymus praecox, Scilla verna, Dactylorhiza purpurella, Euphrasia officinalis, Plantago coronopus, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago maritima, Armeria maritima, Polygala serpyllifolia, Polygala vulgaris, Rumex acetosa, Primula vulgaris, Filipendula vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, Galium verum, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis stolonifera, Aira caryophyllea, Aira praecox, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dactylis glomerata, Danthonia decumbens, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Koeleria macrantha, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Chara curta
H8 — Hard cliff and cliff slope, Lowland dry heath, Upland dry heath
Calluna vulgaris-Ulex gallii heath
Show 59 indicator speciesCalluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ulex europaeus, Ulex gallii, Carex binervis, Carex caryophyllea, Carex flacca, Carex pilulifera, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Polytrichum juniperinum, Polytrichum piliferum, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia squamosa, Hypochaeris radicata, Jasione montana, Lotus corniculatus, Hypericum pulchrum, Teucrium scorodonia, Thymus praecox, Scilla verna, Linum catharticum, Pedicularis sylvatica, Digitalis purpurea, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago maritima, Polygala serpyllifolia, Rumex acetosella, Potentilla erecta, Poterium sanguisorba, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium saxatile, Galium verum, Viola lactea, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis curtisii, Agrostis stolonifera, Agrostis vinealis, Aira praecox, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Avenula pubescens, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Dactylis glomerata, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Pteridium aquilinum, Chara curta
H11 — Lowland dry heath
Calluna vulgaris-Carex arenaria heath
Show 65 indicator speciesSalix repens, Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ulex gallii, Rosa spinosissima, Carex arenaria, Luzula campestris, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus introflexus, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium canescens sens.lat., Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Polytrichum juniperinum, Polytrichum piliferum, Lophocolea bidentata, Ptilidium ciliare, Hypogymnia physodes, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia crispata, Cladonia floerkeana, Cladonia foliacea, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia rangiformis, Cladonia subcervicornis, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Peltigera canina, Hypochaeris radicata, Jacobaea vulgaris, Pilosella officinarum, Teesdalia nudicaulis, Campanula rotundifolia, Jasione montana, Cerastium fontanum, Sedum anglicum, Lotus corniculatus, Ononis repens, Trifolium repens, Thymus praecox, Rumex acetosella, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Galium verum, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Aira caryophyllea, Aira praecox, Ammophila arenaria, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Poa pratensis
M14 — Lowland dry heath, Upland wet heath
Schoenus nigricans-Narthecium ossifragum mire
Show 35 indicator speciesPinus sylvestris, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Myrica gale, Ulex gallii, Carex panicea, Eriophorum angustifolium, Rhynchospora alba, Schoenus nigricans, Eleocharis multicaulis, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus bulbosus, Ctenidium molluscum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Scorpidium revolvens, Scorpidium scorpioides, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum subnitens, Sphagnum tenellum, Calypogeia fissa, Kurzia pauciflora, Ordontoschisma sphagni, Aneura pinguis, Riccardia multifida, Drosera intermedia, Drosera rotundifolia, Pinguicula lusitanica, Narthecium ossifragum, Pedicularis sylvatica, Polygala serpyllifolia, Anagallis tenella, Potentilla erecta, Molinia caerulea
W20 — Montane scrub
Salix lapponum-Luzula sylvatica scrub
Show 107 indicator speciesSalix arbuscula, Salix cinerea, Salix lapponum, Salix myrsinites, Salix phylicifolia, Salix reticulata, Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Salix lanata, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Carex atrata, Carex bigelowii, Carex binervis, Carex flacca, Luzula multiflora, Luzula sylvatica, Huperzia selago, Selaginella selaginoides, Aulacomnium palustre, Mnium hornum, Philonotis fontana, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Dicranum bonjeanii, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Fissidens adianthoides, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Ctenidium molluscum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum callichroum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Palustriella commutatum, Plagiothecium denticulatum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Ptilium crista-castrensis, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Sanionia uncinata, Scorpidium revolvens, Thuidium tamariscinum, Atrichum undulatum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum girgensohnii, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum russowii, Sphagnum squarrosum, Sphagnum subnitens, Sphagnum teres, Barbilophozia barbata, Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophocolea bidentata, Plagiochila porelloides, Ptilidium ciliare, Scapania undulata, Cladonia squamosa, Peltigera canina, Angelica sylvestris, Caltha palustris, Hieraclium spp., Saussurea alpina, Solidago virgaurea, Campanula rotundifolia, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana officinalis, Rhodiola rosea, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus praecox, Epilobium anagallidifolium, Dactylorhiza viridis, Euphrasia officinalis, Rhinanthus minor, Oxalis acetosella, Oxyria digyna, Polygonum viviparum, Rumex acetosa, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus acris, Thalictrum alpinum, Alchemilla alpina, Alchemilla glabra, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Galium boreale, Galium saxatile, Saxifraga aizoides, Saxifraga hypnoides, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Saxifraga stellaris, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Nardus stricta, Dryopteris dilatata, Phegopteris connectilis
W21 — Hedgerow scrub, Mixed scrub
Crataegus monogyna-Hedera helix scrub
Show 81 indicator speciesHedera helix, Salix cinerea, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ilex aquifolium, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Malus sylvestris, Sorbus aria, Taxus baccata, Ulmus glabra, Ulmus procera, Sambucus nigra, Viburnum lantana, Euonymus europaeus, Cornus sanguinea, Juniperus communis, Ligustrum vulgare, Clematis vitalba, Rhamnus cathartica, Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Juncus effusus, Plagiomnium undulatum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Kindbergia praelonga, Rhynchostegium confertum, Tamus communis, Heracleum sphondylium, Torilis japonica, Arum maculatum, Arctium minus, Cirsium arvense, Lonicera periclymenum, Moehringia trinervia, Silene dioica, Stellaria graminea, Stellaria holostea, Stellaria media agg., Calystegia sepium, Mercurialis perennis, Geranium robertianum, Iris foetidissima, Glechoma hederacea, Lamium purpureum, Origanum vulgare, Stachys sylvatica, Teucrium scorodonia, Allium ursinum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Circaea lutetiana, Rumex sanguineus, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus repens, Fragaria vesca, Geum urbanum, Potentilla sterilis, Poterium sanguisorba, Rosa arvensis, Rosa canina, Rubia peregrina, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium aparine, Urtica dioica, Viola riviniana, Anisantha sterilis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Brachypodium pinnatum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromopsis erecta, Dactylis glomerata, Elytrigia repens, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Poa trivialis, Asplenium scolopendrium, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris filix-mas
W22 — Hedgerow scrub, Mixed scrub
Prunus spinosa-Rubus fruticosus scrub
Show 49 indicator speciesHedera helix, Acer campestre, Corylus avellana, Ulex europaeus, Prunus spinosa, Plagiomnium undulatum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Eurhynchium striatum, Kindbergia praelonga, Thuidium tamariscinum, Atrichum undulatum, Lophocolea bidentata, Achillea millefolium, Cardamine flexuosa, Lonicera periclymenum, Moehringia trinervia, Silene dioica, Silene uniflora, Stellaria media agg., Mercurialis perennis, Geranium robertianum, Stachys sylvatica, Teucrium scorodonia, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Oxalis acetosella, Digitalis purpurea, Plantago lanceolata, Veronica chamaedrys, Armeria maritima, Rumex acetosa, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum urbanum, Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus agg., Rubus idaeus, Galium aparine, Urtica dioica, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Poa trivialis, Asplenium scolopendrium, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris borreri, Dryopteris filix-mas