Buttermere Fells

Site of Special Scientific Interest · 54.5625, -3.2337

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Cumbria County LAKE DISTRICT National Park Coast to Coast National Trail

Condition (Natural England)

Unfavourable Recovering (29) Favourable (3) Unfavourable No Change (14)
UnitFeatureConditionArea (ha)Assessed
NY167171 — Unfavourable Recovering 128.8 2014-03-18
NY168227 — Unfavourable Recovering 183.49 2014-03-18
NY169195 — Favourable 168.37 2015-03-02
NY170179 — Unfavourable Recovering 128.8 2014-03-18
NY170215 — Unfavourable Recovering 152.25 2014-03-18
NY171172 — Unfavourable Recovering 128.8 2014-03-18
NY171207 — Favourable 263.36 2015-03-02
NY175170 — Unfavourable Recovering 126.66 2014-03-18
NY175220 — Unfavourable Recovering 126.74 2014-03-18
NY177190 — Unfavourable No Change 183.52 2019-09-12
NY177232 — Unfavourable Recovering 191.18 2014-03-18
NY178242 — Unfavourable Recovering 73.1 2014-03-18
NY183202 — Unfavourable No Change 125.69 2019-08-12
NY185165 — Unfavourable Recovering 126.66 2014-03-18
NY186159 — Unfavourable Recovering 126.66 2014-03-18
NY187228 — Unfavourable Recovering 97.47 2014-03-18
NY189190 — Favourable 284.5 2012-10-26
NY192169 — Unfavourable No Change 91.3 2019-09-09
NY195208 — Unfavourable No Change 133.4 2019-09-09
NY196233 — Unfavourable Recovering 164.33 2014-03-18
NY197186 — Unfavourable No Change 238.05 2019-09-12
NY201177 — Unfavourable No Change 129.9 2019-09-13
NY202168 — Unfavourable No Change 76.84 2019-06-26
NY203155 — Unfavourable Recovering 272.88 2014-03-18
NY206193 — Unfavourable No Change 48.36 2019-09-09
NY208226 — Unfavourable Recovering 309.22 2014-03-18
NY211168 — Unfavourable No Change 131.44 2019-09-12
NY212218 — Unfavourable No Change 245.35 2019-09-13
NY213182 — Unfavourable No Change 117.33 2019-09-13
NY215164 — Unfavourable Recovering 35.31 2016-12-01
NY216202 — Unfavourable Recovering 227.25 2014-03-18
NY217149 — Unfavourable Recovering 98.67 2014-03-18
NY217204 — Unfavourable No Change 40.91 2019-09-09
NY221162 — Unfavourable Recovering 128.57 2014-03-18
NY222177 — Unfavourable Recovering 153.73 2014-03-18
NY223215 — Unfavourable Recovering 332.81 2014-03-18
NY225146 — Unfavourable Recovering 112.7 2014-03-18
NY228161 — Unfavourable No Change 120.65 2019-09-12
NY232148 — Unfavourable Recovering 86.91 2016-12-01
NY232162 — Unfavourable Recovering 19.65 2014-03-18
NY234141 — Unfavourable Recovering 58.58 2016-12-01
NY235183 — Unfavourable Recovering 233.83 2014-03-18
NY238162 — Unfavourable Recovering 143.57 2014-03-18
NY240149 — Unfavourable Recovering 67.91 2014-03-18
NY244159 — Unfavourable Recovering 37.46 2014-03-18
NY244176 — Unfavourable No Change 182.19 2019-09-12

Climate exposure

This is about exposure to a nationwide pressure this habitat type carries — not a verdict on this site's own management.

Peatland

Peat habitats store centuries of carbon and depend on a stable, waterlogged water table. Warmer, drier summers dry out peat, making it far more vulnerable to wildfire and to carbon release — a pressure that can undo years of restoration work regardless of how well the site is otherwise managed.

Habitats

Blanket bog, Bracken scrub, High montane heath and snow bed, Montane dwarf shrub heath

Geology & landscape

Geological Feature: Rock Outcrop · Mining / Industrial: Quarry · Geological Period: Devonian, Ordovician · Rock Type: Slate

Landscape processes: Peatland / Mire, Periglacial, Volcanic / Igneous

Birds & fish recorded

Birds

SpeciesSeason
dotterel Breeding
merlin Breeding
peregrine Breeding

Fish

SpeciesSeason
Pike Unknown

Description

Area, 6,073.9 hectares 15,008.7 ac Description These steep sided, precipitous hills lie between Keswick and Buttermere and rise to 851 metres on Grasmoor. The main biological interest lies in the range and extent of montane and submontane dwarf shrub heath communities. The site supports the largest known area of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus heath in the Lake District and the area of heather Calluna vulgaris is second only to that found on the Skiddaw Massif. The site also supports a range of ombrogenous and soligenous mires, areas of grassy Racomitrium lanuginosum heath on the summits of Grasmoor and Grisedale Pike and the nationally important sessile oak woods of Keskadale and Birkrigg. The site is a locality for the nationally rare alpine catchfly Silene suecica. As a result of the diversity of plant communities Buttermere Fells supports breeding peregrine, merlin and raven and occasionally dotterel. This is one of only two sites in the Lake District where twite breed. Except for the ridge to the south of Nitting Haws, where the rocks belong to the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, they are formed entirely of Skiddaw Slates. These slates differ from those of the Skiddaw massif in their tendency to form cliffs. As a result the combination of topography and vegetation on Buttermere Fells is not duplicated elsewhere in the Lake District. The Skiddaw Slates weather to produce acid soils with only very localised nutrient rich basic flushing. Consequently the vegetation is a matrix of large stands of acid loving heaths, grasslands and mires, broken by occasional patches of less widespread plant communities such as springs, flushes and woodland. Although the hills have always been managed for sheep rather than grouse, dwarf shrub heaths are still slightly more extensive than grasslands. There are over 800 hectares of heather heath. The most frequent associated species of the sub montane heath are bilberry, crowberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea and mosses such as Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi and Plagiothecium undulatum. However, on Whiteside, Grasmoor End, Causey Pike and High Spy there is a montane heath of wind flattened heather, growing with dwarf juniper Juniperus communis spp. nana, cross leaved heath Erica tetralix, crowberry Empetrum nigrum and, very locally, bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, a rare habitat recorded from only a few sites in England. On Hobcarton and Hobcarton End there is a stand of prostrate, wind flattened heather heath, with lichens and montane species such as the clubmoss Diphasiastrum alpinum. This is probably the best example of this type of vegetation in the Lake District. The bilberry heaths are more extensive here than on any other site in North West England. There are over 360 hectares of sub montane heath, which includes species such as cowberry, mat grass Nardus stricta and mosses. Some of this heath has apparently replaced heather heath after grazing and burning. Above about 550 metres the bilberry heath grades into a montane form, distinguished by lichens including species of Cladonia, Cetraria, Alectoria nigricans, Ochrolechia frigida and the clubmosses Diphasiastrum alpinum and Huperzia selago. The grasslands on Buttermere follow a pattern common to all the upland sites in the Lake District. On the lower, drier slopes there is bent fescue Agrostis Festuca grassland, some of which is invaded by bracken Pteridium aquilinum. This gives way to mat grass and heath rush Juncus squarrosus grasslands on damper soils higher up. Ombrogenous or blanket mires are rare because there is so little flat ground where peat can form, but there is a very fine example of deer grass -hare's tail cotton grass Trichophorum cespitosum - Eriophorum vaginatum blanket bog on High Scawdel. It is very wet, with a well developed system of pools containing bogbean Menyanthes trifoliata and bottle sedge Carex rostrata. Round leaved sundew Drosera rotundifolia, deer grass and the mosses Sphagnum papillosum, S. capillifolium and Sphagnum cuspidatum are all abundant. Most of the valley bottoms are poorly drained, with more or less extensive mires. These dominated by sedges Carex spp. and rushes Juncus spp. with Sphagnum moss. Bryophyte dominated spring heads and small sedge mires, sometimes base rich, are quite common on the slopes. The summits and high ridges are covered with a montane grassland dominated by sheep's fescue Festuca ovina and including dwarf willow Salix herbacea, stiff sedge Carex bigelowii, wavy hair grass Deschampsia flexuosa and several bryophytes and lichens. The woolly fringe moss heath on Grasmoor, once extensive, is now confined to two patches within the montane grassland, probably because of over grazing by sheep. There are also small areas of moss heath on the north side of Grisedale Pike. The cliffs are mostly acidic and only sparsely vegetated. However, they are a refuge for dwarf shrub heaths and trees, such as birch Betula pubescens, rowan Sorbus aucuparia and yew Taxus baccata, especially on the ridge between Cat Bells and High Scawdel. Parsley fern Cryptogramma crispa is ubiquitous on screes. Hobcarton Crag is one of only two known localities in Britain for alpine catchfly Silene suecica. White alpine cinquefoil Potentilla crantzii, a locally rare species, has been recorded on several crags. Two blocks of high altitude sessile oak Quercus petraea woodland occur at Keskadale and Birkrigg on steep south facing slopes near the altitudinal limit for oak in Cumbria. They are of significance as relics of a previously extensive high level woodland cover now almost totally lost due to clearance and grazing. Sessile oak is the dominant species with associates including rowan, holly, birch, hawthorn, pine and larch. The ground flora of the woods is poor as a result of shading and grazing and is predominantly a mosaic of grasses and heathland. Species include wavy hair grass, common bent, sheep's fescue, sweet vernal grass, heather and bilberry. Mosses and lichens are abundant and include Hedwigia filiformis, a rare montane moss found on rock slabs and two lichens Alectoria chalybeiformis and Usuea frugilescens for which this is the only site in the Lake District. Buttermere Fells is also important for a range of geological exposures and geomorphological features. Buttermere Outcrops. A group of natural and quarried outcrops around Buttermere village provide excellent exposures of Skiddaw Slates demonstrating complex geological structures formed during the Caledonian mountain building episodes orogeny. At Long How, slates and siltstones display sharp, steeply plunging folds of two generations, formed by succeeding phases of crustal compression during the orogeny. Above the path alongside Mill Beck, tight, upright folds of the second generation recognised at Long How are refolded by open, flat lying folds of a third generation. Complex fold structures are also displayed in Buttermere Quarry where sedimentary structures provide important way up evidence and several sets of lineations can be seen. All three sets of folds, with associated cleavages, can be seen in an ice polished slate outcrop adjacent to Buttermere Church. These outcrops are important in providing a clear and accessible demonstration of the sequence of structural events that affected the Skiddaw Slates during the Caledonian Orogeny. Gasgale Crags and Whiteside. The crags and outcrops on Gasgale Crags and Whiteside provide excellent exposures of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, contorted by complex fold structures. Divisions of the Skiddaw Slates known as the Kirkstile Slates and the Loweswater Flags are represented here. Fold structures belonging to several different generations are developed and the slate layers have a well developed cleavage closely spaced parallel fractures. Most of the folds were produced by crustal compression during the Caledonian mountain building episode orogeny. Earlier folds can also be observed, however, formed by slumping of unconsolidated sediment downslope on the sea bed, probably triggered by earthquake shocks. These outcrops have been intensively studied and provide some of the best continuous exposures of structures in the Skiddaw Slate Group. Hassness and Goat Crag. A prominent outcrop in the grounds of Hassness provides an important exposure of sandstones and slates of the Skiddaw Group. At this locality the rock layers are contorted by complex folds of two generations formed during the Caledonian mountain building episode orogeny. It was here that the effects of these first and second generation folds were first clearly distinguished and explained. This provided an important key to the understanding of the geological structure of the Lake District, making Hassness a critical locality for studies of these structures. First generation folds of a different style are also well exposed on Goat Crag, where it can be clearly seen that they predate the main cleavage which must therefore be related to the second generation folds. These exposures at Hassness and Goat Crag were instrumental in resolving a long running debate over the sequence of geological structures in the Lake District and unravelling the complex pattern of major fold structures in the area. Long Combe. The Lake District forms a geographically well defined base metal ore field. The sulphide mineralisation occurs as vein deposits and is notably diverse in terms of both the nature of the ores and their age. At Long Combe a mineralised quartz vein, trending north south, cuts slates of the Ordovician Skiddaw Group. The mineralisation, which is unique in the Lake District, is believed to be of Lower Devonian age. Arsenopyrite is the dominant ore mineral and is accompanied by microscopic occurrences of the cobalt iron sulpharsenides glaucodot and alloclase. This is the only British locality at which the occurrence of alloclase has been authenticated. Cobaltite, marcasite, bismuth and bismuthinite are also present. The vein also carries small quantities of wavellite and variscite, both rare aluminium phosphates. Supergene minerals present includes corodite and erythrite. Grasmoor. Grasmoor is important for studies of periglacial processes. It demonstrates good examples of stone stripes, together with associated gelifluction lobes and terraces, developed on the Kirkstile Slates division of the Skiddaw Slates. Contemporary downslope rates of movement of surface stones have been measured at 1520 cm a1. In conjunction with Skiddaw and Helvellyn, Grasmoor is important for comparative studies of periglacial activity in the Lake District. These have shown that both frost and mass movement are involved in the formation of the stone stripes and that their relative importance depends on both local environmental conditions and lithology. Dale Head North and South Mines, A.D. le Head in the Vale of Newlands, two contrasting types of copper mineralisation can be seen in close proximity. Dale Head North Mine is located on an east west trending vein. The mineralisation is typical of the Lower Devonian chalcopyrite pyrite arsenopyrite type of Lake District mineralisation. Bismuth and cobalt minerals are also present. The vein, which is superbly exposed, has been the subject of detailed study in recent years and is probably the best example of its type in the Lake District. Copper mineralisation of a somewhat different character is present at Dale Head South. The mineralisation can be studied in old dumps and less easily at outcrops on the slopes leading up to Dale Head. The primary ore minerals here are bornite, djurleiite and minor chalcopyrite. A rich supergene assemblage is also present but has not been studied in detail to date. South Vein is also notable for examples of striking replacement textures, developed by the replacement of bornite by chalcopyrite, goethite and malachite.

Species mentioned

English name
search for this in other sites		 Latin name
search with Google		 IUCN / Red List Type Family
raven Corvus corax LC (Breeding) bird-corvid corvidae
twite Linaria flavirostris NT (Breeding), VU (Breeding) bird-finch fringillidae
merlin Falco columbarius EN (Breeding) bird-hawk falconidae
peregrine Falco peregrinus LC (Breeding) bird-hawk falconidae
dotterel Charadrius morinellus None bird-wader charadriidae
parsley fern Cryptogramma crispa VU fern adiantaceae
bracken Pteridium aquilinum LC fern dennstaedtiaceae
wavy hair grass Deschampsia flexuosa Not listed in GB list grass poaceae
sheep's fescue Festuca ovina LC grass poaceae
mat grass Nardus stricta LC grass poaceae
round leaved sundew Drosera rotundifolia LC herb droceraceae
bogbean Menyanthes trifoliata LC herb manyanthaceae
alpine cinquefoil Potentilla crantzii NT herb rosaceae
alpine catchfly Silene suecica VU herb carophyllaceae
cowberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea LC herb ericaceae
witch's hair Alectoria nigricans LC lichen no common name
no common name Ochrolechia frigida LC lichen no common name
moss Hedwigia filiformis Not listed in GB list moss hedwigiaceae
glittering wood moss Hylocomium splendens LC moss hypnales
waved silk moss Plagiothecium undulatum LC moss hypnales
red stemmed feather moss Pleurozium schreberi LC moss hypnales
wooly fringe moss Racomitrium lanuginosum LC moss grimmiales
feathery bog moss Sphagnum cuspidatum LC moss sphagnales
papillose bog moss Sphagnum papillosum LC moss sphagnales
alpine clubmoss Diphasiastrum alpinum LC moss club lycopodiaceae
fir clubmoss Huperzia selago LC moss club lycopodiaceae
heath rush Juncus squarrosus LC rush juncaceae
stiff sedge Carex bigelowii LC sedge cyperaceae
mire bottle sedge Carex rostrata LC sedge cyperaceae
hare's-tail cottongrass Eriophorum vaginatum LC sedge cyperaceae
deergrass, deer sedge Trichophorum cespitosum LC sedge cyperaceae
bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi LC shrub ericaceae
juniper Juniperus communis CR shrub cupressaceae
dwarf wilow Salix herbacea LC shrub salicaceae
billberry Vaccinium myrtillus LC shrub ericaceae
bell heather or ling Calluna vulgaris NT shrub dwarf ericaceae
crowberry Empetrum nigrum LC shrub dwarf empetraceae
cross leaved heath Erica tetralix NT shrub dwarf ericaceae
downy birch Betula pubescens LC tree betulaceae
sessile or durmast oak Quercus petraea LC tree fagaceae
rowan Sorbus aucuparia LC tree rosaceae
yew Taxus baccata LC tree taxaceae

Plant communities

CG12 — Alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland, High montane heath and snow bed

Festuca ovina-Alchemilla alpina-Silene acaulis dwarf-herb community

Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Kalmia procumbens, Vaccinium myrtillus, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Carex demissa, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Carex pulicaris, Juncus trifidus, Juncus triglumis, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Luzula spicata, Luzula sylvatica, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Selaginella selaginoides, Andreaea alpina, Aulacomnium turgidum, Bartramia ithyphylla, Breutelia chrysocoma, Mnium hornum, Dicranum scoparium, Ditrichum flexicaule, Racomitrium canescens sens.lat., Racomitrium fasciculare, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Ctenidium molluscum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum callichroum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Hypnum hamulosum, Lescuraea incurvata, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Sanionia uncinata, Thuidium delicatulum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Pogonatum urnigerum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Tortella tortuosa, Barbilophozia hatcheri, Barbilophozia lycopodioides, Diplophyllum albicans, Frullania tamarisci, Nardia scalaris, Plagiochila asplenioides, Ptilidium ciliare, Scapania subalpina, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia uncialis, Peltigera canina, Achillea millefolium, Antennaria dioica, Gnaphalium supinum, Hieraclium spp., Scorzoneroides autumnalis, Solidago virgaurea, Taraxacum officianalis, Myosotis alpestris, Cardamine pratensis, Draba norvegica, Campanula rotundifolia, Succisa pratensis, Cerastium alpinum, Cerastium fontanum, Minuartia sedoides, Sagina saginoides, Silene acaulis, Sedum rosea, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus praecox, Linum catharticum, Epilobium anagallidifolium, Euphrasia frigida, Euphrasia officinalis, Oxalis acetosella, Plantago maritima, Veronica alpina, Veronica officinalis, Veronica serpyllifolia, Armeria maritima, Polygonum viviparum, Rumex acetosa, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus acris, Thalictrum alpinum, Trollius europaeus, Alchemilla alpina, Alchemilla filicaulis, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Potentilla crantzii, Potentilla erecta, Sibbaldia procumbens, Galium boreale, Galium saxatile, Saxifraga aizoides, Saxifraga hypnoides, Saxifraga nivalis, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Saxifraga stellaris, Viola lutea, Viola palustris, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Festuca vivipara, Nardus stricta, Poa pratensis, Botrychium lunaria

H13 — Montane dwarf shrub heath

Calluna vulgaris-Cladonia arbuscula heath

Empetrum nigrum, Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Kalmia procumbens, Vaccinium myrtillus, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus trifidus, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum fuscescens, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum commune, Diplophyllum albicans, Nardia scalaris, Ptilidium ciliare, Hypogymnia physodes, Alectoria nigricans, Alectoria ochroleuca, Alectoria sarmentosa, Cetraria glauca, Cetraria islandica, Cetraria nivalis, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia crispata, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia squamosa, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Ochrolechia frigida, Sphaerophorus fragilis, Sphaerophorus globosus, Thamnolia vermicularis, Antennaria dioica, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Alchemilla alpina, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Agrostis canina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta

H14 — Montane dwarf shrub heath

Calluna vulgaris-Racomitrium lanuginosum heath

Empetrum nigrum, Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Juniperus communis, Arctostaphylos alpinus, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex bigelowii, Carex binervis, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula multiflora, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Andreaea rothii, Campylopus atrovirens, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium fasciculare, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Polytrichum piliferum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Diplophyllum albicans, Frullania tamarisci, Ptilidium ciliare, Scapania gracilis, Hypogymnia physodes, Alectoria nigricans, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Ochrolechia frigida, Platismatia glauca, Sphaerophorus globosus, Antennaria dioica, Solidago virgaurea, Succisa pratensis, Thymus praecox, Dactylorhiza maculata, Euphrasia micrantha, Polygala serpyllifolia, Alchemilla alpina, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Dryopteris oreades, Hymenophyllum wilsonii

H15 — Montane dwarf shrub heath

Calluna vulgaris-Juniperus communis ssp. nana heath

Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Juniperus communis, Arctostaphylos alpinus, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Trichophorum cespitosum, Huperzia selago, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Sphagnum capillifolium, Diplophyllum albicans, Frullania tamarisci, Herbertus stramineus, Pleurozia purpurea, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia leucophaea, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Sphaerophorus globosus, Antennaria dioica, Solidago virgaurea, Succisa pratensis, Thymus praecox, Dactylorhiza maculata, Polygala serpyllifolia, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca vivipara, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta

H16 — Montane dwarf shrub heath, Upland dry heath

Calluna vulgaris-Arctostaphylos uva-ursi heath

Betula pubescens, Empetrum nigrum, Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex bigelowii, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Luzula pilosa, Huperzia selago, Pohlia nutans, Dicranum scoparium, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum jutlandicum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum juniperinum, Polytrichum piliferum, Ptilidium ciliare, Hypogymnia physodes, Cetraria glauca, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia cornuta, Cladonia crispata, Cladonia deformis, Cladonia floerkeana, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia squamosa, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Antennaria dioica, Campanula rotundifolia, Succisa pratensis, Pyrola media, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Genista anglica, Lathyrus montanus, Lotus corniculatus, Hypericum pulchrum, Neottia cordata, Euphrasia officinalis, Polygala serpyllifolia, Trientalis europaea, Anemone nemorosa, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina

H17 — Montane dwarf shrub heath

Calluna vulgaris-Arctostaphylos alpinus heath

Empetrum nigrum, Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Juniperus communis, Arctostaphylos alpinus, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Kalmia procumbens, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus trifidus, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Diplophyllum albicans, Frullania tamarisci, Scapania gracilis, Hypogymnia physodes, Alectoria nigricans, Cetraria glauca, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Ochrolechia frigida, Platismatia norvegica, Sphaerophorus globosus, Antennaria dioica, Solidago virgaurea, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Lotus corniculatus, Pinguicula vulgaris, Euphrasia frigida, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Agrostis canina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca vivipara, Nardus stricta, Nitella flexilis

H18 — Montane dwarf shrub heath, Upland dry heath

Vaccinium myrtillus-Deschampsia flexuosa heath

Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Carex bigelowii, Carex binervis, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Luzula sylvatica, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomiastrum umbratum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Ptilium crista-castrensis, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum strictum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Anastrepta orcadensis, Barbilophozia floerkei, Diplophyllum albicans, Ptilidium ciliare, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia uncialis, Solidago virgaurea, Campanula rotundifolia, Cerastium fontanum, Cornus suecica, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus praecox, Euphrasia officinalis, Oxalis acetosella, Veronica officinalis, Polygala serpyllifolia, Polygonum viviparum, Rumex acetosa, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus acris, Alchemilla alpina, Alchemilla glabra, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Melanpyrum pratense, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis vinealis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Festuca vivipara, Nardus stricta, Cryptogramma crispa, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris dilatata

H19 — Montane dwarf shrub heath

Vaccinium myrtillus-Cladonia arbuscula heath

Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Kalmia procumbens, Vaccinium myrtillus, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Carex pilulifera, Juncus squarrosus, Juncus trifidus, Luzula multiflora, Luzula spicata, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Dicranum fuscescens, Dicranum scoparium, Kiaeria starkei, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum longisetum, Polytrichum piliferum, Polytrichum strictum, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophozia ventricosa, Ptilidium ciliare, Alectoria nigricans, Cetraria islandica, Cetraria nivalis, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia crispata, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia leucophaea, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia squamosa, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Ochrolechia frigida, Sphaerophorus globosus, Thamnolia vermicularis, Antennaria dioica, Silene acaulis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Armeria maritima, Alchemilla alpina, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta

H20 — Montane dwarf shrub heath

Vaccinium myrtillus-Racomitrium lanuginosum heath

Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Juniperus communis, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Carex binervis, Carex pilulifera, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus trifidus, Luzula multiflora, Luzula sylvatica, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Selaginella selaginoides, Breutelia chrysocoma, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranodontium uncinatum, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum piliferum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum tenellum, Tetraplodon mnioides, Anastrepta orcadensis, Anastrophyllum donianum, Anthelia julacea, Barbilophozia floerkei, Bazzania pearsonii, Bazzania tricrenata, Diplophyllum albicans, Jungermannia atrovirens, Mastigophora woodsii, Mylia taylorii, Nardia scalaris, Plagiochila carringtonii, Plagiochila spinulosa, Pleurozia purpurea, Ptilidium ciliare, Scapania gracilis, Scapania nimbosa, Scapania ornithopodioides, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Alectoria nigricans, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia leucophaea, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Sphaerophorus globosus, Antennaria dioica, Succisa pratensis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Hypericum pulchrum, Thymus praecox, Euphrasia officinalis, Oxalis acetosella, Plantago maritima, Armeria maritima, Alchemilla alpina, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta, Blechnum spicant, Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Phegopteris connectilis, Thelypteris limbosperma

H21 — Montane dwarf shrub heath

Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus-Sphagnum capillifolium heath

Sorbus aucuparia, Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Juniperus communis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Carex bigelowii, Carex binervis, Carex pilulifera, Trichophorum cespitosum, Luzula sylvatica, Breutelia chrysocoma, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranodontium uncinatum, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomiastrum umbratum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Ptilium crista-castrensis, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum girgensohnii, Sphagnum russowii, Sphagnum tenellum, Anastrepta orcadensis, Anastrophyllum donianum, Barbilophozia floerkei, Bazzania pearsonii, Bazzania tricrenata, Calypogeia muelleriana, Diplophyllum albicans, Frullania tamarisci, Herbertus aduncus, Kurzia pauciflora, Kurzia trichoclados, Lophozia ventricosa, Mastigophora woodsii, Mylia taylorii, Nowellia curvifolia, Plagiochila carringtonii, Plagiochila spinulosa, Pleurozia purpurea, Ptilidium ciliare, Scapania gracilis, Scapania nimbosa, Scapania ornithopodioides, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia uncialis, Sphaerophorus globosus, Solidago virgaurea, Succisa pratensis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Hypericum pulchrum, Dactylorhiza maculata, Neottia cordata, Oxalis acetosella, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Melanpyrum pratense, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca vivipara, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris filix-mas, Hymenophyllum wilsonii

H22 — Montane dwarf shrub heath, Upland dry heath

Vaccinium myrtillus-Rubus chamaemorus heath

Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Carex bigelowii, Carex echinata, Eriophorum vaginatum, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus squarrosus, Huperzia selago, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum russowii, Sphagnum subnitens, Anastrepta orcadensis, Barbilophozia floerkei, Bazzania tricrenata, Diplophyllum albicans, Lepidozia pearsonii, Ptilidium ciliare, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia leucophaea, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Cornus suecica, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Neottia cordata, Potentilla erecta, Rubus chamaemorus, Galium saxatile, Melanpyrum pratense, Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta, Cryptogramma crispa, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris dilatata

M1 — Blanket bog, Raised bog

Sphagnum auriculatum bog pool community

Erica tetralix, Myrica gale, Carex limosa, Eriophorum angustifolium, Rhynchospora alba, Rhynchospora fusca, Trichophorum cespitosum, Eleocharis multicaulis, Juncus bulbosus, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum pulchrum, Sphagnum subnitens, Cladopodiella fluitans, Gymnocolea inflata, Ordontoschisma sphagni, Drosera anglica, Drosera intermedia, Drosera rotundifolia, Utricularia intermedia, Utricularia minor, Menyanthes trifoliata, Narthecium ossifragum, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Scheuchzeria palustris, Molinia caerulea

M2 — Blanket bog, Raised bog, Valley mire

Sphagnum cuspidatum/recurvum bog pool community

Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Myrica gale, Andromeda polifolia, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Carex canescens, Carex magellanica, Carex rostrata, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum, Rhynchospora alba, Aulacomnium palustre, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum strictum, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum pulchrum, Sphagnum tenellum, Cephalozia connivens, Cephalozia lunulifolia, Gymnocolea inflata, Mylia anomala, Ordontoschisma sphagni, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia uncialis, Drosera anglica, Drosera intermedia, Drosera rotundifolia, Menyanthes trifoliata, Narthecium ossifragum, Agrostis canina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Molinia caerulea

M3 — Blanket bog, Raised bog

Eriophorum angustifolium bog pool community

Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Erica tetralix, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum, Campylopus brevipilus, Drepanocladus fluitans, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum papillosum, Gymnocolea inflata, Ordontoschisma sphagni, Drosera rotundifolia, Agrostis canina, Molinia caerulea

M15 — Blanket bog, Raised bog, Upland wet heath

Scirpus cespitosus-Erica tetralix wet heath

Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Myrica gale, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex binervis, Carex demissa, Carex dioica, Carex echinata, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Carex pulicaris, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum, Schoenus nigricans, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bulbosus, Juncus conglomeratus, Juncus effusus, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula multiflora, Huperzia selago, Selaginella selaginoides, Aulacomnium palustre, Breutelia chrysocoma, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus atrovirens, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum scoparium, Leucobryum glaucum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Hypnum jutlandicum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Scorpidium revolvens, Scorpidium scorpioides, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum compactum, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum subnitens, Sphagnum tenellum, Calypogeia fissa, Calypogeia muelleriana, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophozia ventricosa, Ordontoschisma sphagni, Pleurozia purpurea, Aneura pinguis, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia chlorophaea, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia uncialis, Succisa pratensis, Drosera anglica, Drosera rotundifolia, Hypericum pulchrum, Triglochin palustre, Pinguicula vulgaris, Menyanthes trifoliata, Narthecium ossifragum, Dactylorhiza maculata, Euphrasia officinalis, Pedicularis palustris, Pedicularis sylvatica, Polygala serpyllifolia, Trientalis europaea, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Viola palustris, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Festuca vivipara, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum

M17 — Blanket bog

Scirpus cespitosus-Eriophorum vaginatum blanket mire

Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Myrica gale, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex demissa, Carex echinata, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum, Rhynchospora alba, Schoenus nigricans, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula multiflora, Huperzia selago, Aulacomnium palustre, Breutelia chrysocoma, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus atrovirens, Campylopus flexuosus, Campylopus setifolius, Campylopus shawii, Dicranum scoparium, Leucobryum glaucum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Hypnum jutlandicum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum strictum, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum imbricatum, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum strictum, Sphagnum subnitens, Sphagnum tenellum, Calypogeia fissa, Diplophyllum albicans, Kurzia pauciflora, Lophozia ventricosa, Mylia anomala, Mylia taylorii, Ordontoschisma sphagni, Pleurozia purpurea, Ptilidium ciliare, Scapania gracilis, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Drosera anglica, Drosera rotundifolia, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Pinguicula vulgaris, Narthecium ossifragum, Pedicularis sylvatica, Polygala serpyllifolia, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Agrostis canina, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta

M18 — Blanket bog, Raised bog

Erica tetralix-Sphagnum papillosum raised and blanket mire

Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Myrica gale, Andromeda polifolia, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum, Rhynchospora alba, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus squarrosus, Aulacomnium palustre, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Hypnum jutlandicum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum strictum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum pulchrum, Sphagnum subnitens, Sphagnum tenellum, Calypogeia muelleriana, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Cephalozia connivens, Cladopodiella fluitans, Kurzia pauciflora, Lophozia ventricosa, Mylia anomala, Ordontoschisma sphagni, Hypogymnia physodes, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia uncialis, Drosera anglica, Drosera rotundifolia, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Narthecium ossifragum, Rubus chamaemorus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Molinia caerulea

M19 — Blanket bog, Raised bog

Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum blanket mire

Empetrum nigrum, Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Betula nana, Arctostaphylos alpinus, Vaccinium microcarpum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Vaccinium uliginosum, Carex bigelowii, Carex binervis, Carex nigra, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula sylvatica, Huperzia selago, Aulacomnium palustre, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum fuscescens, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Hypnum jutlandicum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum strictum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum compactum, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum russowii, Sphagnum subnitens, Sphagnum tenellum, Barbilophozia floerkei, Calypogeia fissa, Calypogeia muelleriana, Calypogeia trichomanis, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Diplophyllum albicans, Kurzia pauciflora, Lophozia ventricosa, Mylia anomala, Mylia taylorii, Ordontoschisma sphagni, Ptilidium ciliare, Hypogymnia physodes, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia floerkeana, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia squamosa, Cladonia tenuis, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Cornus suecica, Drosera rotundifolia, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Pinguicula vulgaris, Narthecium ossifragum, Neottia cordata, Potentilla erecta, Rubus chamaemorus, Galium saxatile, Melanpyrum pratense, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca vivipara, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Blechnum spicant

M20 — Blanket bog, Raised bog, Valley mire

Eriophorum vaginatum blanket and raised mire

Empetrum nigrum subsp.nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex bigelowii, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus squarrosus, Orthodontium lineare, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum scoparium, Drepanocladus fluitans, Hypnum jutlandicum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum papillosum, Barbilophozia floerkei, Calypogeia muelleriana, Calypogeia trichomanis, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Cephaloziella hampeana, Diplophyllum albicans, Gymnocolea inflata, Kurzia pauciflora, Lophozia ventricosa, Mylia taylorii, Ptilidium ciliare, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia chlorophaea, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia floerkeana, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia squamosa, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Rubus chamaemorus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina

M25 — Blanket bog, Coastal floodplain grazing marsh, Lowland fen, Purple moor grass and rush pasture, Upland acid grassland

Molinia caerulea-Potentilla erecta mire

Salix cinerea, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Myrica gale, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Ulex europaeus, Ulex gallii, Carex echinata, Carex flacca, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Eriophorum angustifolium, Schoenus nigricans, Juncus acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus effusus, Juncus subnodulosus, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Aulacomnium palustre, Pohlia nutans, Calliergon giganteum, Calliergonell cuspidatum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Kindbergia praelonga, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum subnitens, Calypogeia fissa, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Lophocolea bidentata, Lophozia ventricosa, Angelica sylvestris, Carum verticillatum, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Achillea ptarmica, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Serratula tinctoria, Cardamine pratensis, Lobelia urens, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana officinalis, Equisetum palustre, Lotus pedunculatus, Hypericum pulchrum, Hypericum tetrapterum, Mentha aquatica, Scutellaria minor, Menyanthes trifoliata, Narthecium ossifragum, Epilobium palustre, Dactylorhiza maculata, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus flammula, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla erecta, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium palustre, Viola palustris, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis curtisii, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Phragmites australis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Osmunda regalis

U7 — High montane heath and snow bed

Nardus stricta-Carex bigelowii grass-heath

Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Carex nigra, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Eriophorum vaginatum, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus squarrosus, Juncus trifidus, Luzula multiflora, Luzula sylvatica, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum fuscescens, Dicranum scoparium, Kiaeria starkei, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum juniperinum, Polytrichum piliferum, Polytrichum strictum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Anastrepta orcadensis, Anastrophyllum donianum, Barbilophozia floerkei, Barbilophozia hatcheri, Bazzania tricrenata, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophozia sudetica, Pleurozia purpurea, Ptilidium ciliare, Scapania gracilis, Scapania nemorea, Cetraria delisei, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia leucophaea, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia tenuis, Cladonia uncialis, Gnaphalium supinum, Solidago virgaurea, Cornus suecica, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus praecox, Narthecium ossifragum, Rumex acetosa, Alchemilla alpina, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Viola palustris, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis vinealis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta

U8 — High montane heath and snow bed

Carex bigelowii-Polytrichum alpinum sedge-heath

Vaccinium myrtillus, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Juncus trifidus, Luzula spicata, Huperzia selago, Pohlia nutans, Dicranum fuscescens, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium canescens sens.lat., Racomitrium fasciculare, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Sanionia uncinata, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Sphagnum compactum, Ptilidium ciliare, Cetraria delisei, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia floerkeana, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia macrophylla, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia squamosa, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Ochrolechia frigida, Galium saxatile, Saxifraga stellaris, Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta

U9 — High montane heath and snow bed

Juncus trifidus-Racomitrium lanuginosum rush-heath

Empetrum nigrum, Kalmia procumbens, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Carex pilulifera, Juncus trifidus, Luzula spicata, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Dicranum fuscescens, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum piliferum, Barbilophozia floerkei, Diplophyllum albicans, Ptilidium ciliare, Cetraria delisei, Cetraria islandica, Cetraria nivalis, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia crispata, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Ochrolechia frigida, Sphaerophorus globosus, Stereocaulon vesuvianum, Thamnolia vermicularis, Silene acaulis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Armeria maritima, Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla alpina, Galium saxatile, Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta, Nitella flexilis

U10 — High montane heath and snow bed, Lowland dry acid grassland, Upland dry heath

Carex bigelowii-Racomitrium lanuginosum moss-heath

Empetrum nigrum, Kalmia procumbens, Vaccinium myrtillus, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Carex panicea, Carex pilulifera, Juncus squarrosus, Juncus trifidus, Luzula spicata, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Selaginella selaginoides, Andreaea alpina, Aulacomnium turgidum, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum fuscescens, Dicranum scoparium, Kiaeria starkei, Racomitrium fasciculare, Racomitrium heterostichum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum callichroum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Hypnum hamulosum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Sanionia uncinata, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum juniperinum, Polytrichum longisetum, Polytrichum piliferum, Polytrichum strictum, Anastrepta orcadensis, Diplophyllum albicans, Nardia scalaris, Ptilidium ciliare, Alectoria nigricans, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia cervicornis, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia crispata, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia squamosa, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Ochrolechia frigida, Peltigera canina, Sphaerophorus globosus, Thamnolia vermicularis, Achillea millefolium, Antennaria dioica, Gnaphalium supinum, Solidago virgaurea, Campanula rotundifolia, Succisa pratensis, Minuartia sedoides, Silene acaulis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus praecox, Armeria maritima, Polygonum viviparum, Rumex acetosa, Alchemilla alpina, Potentilla erecta, Sibbaldia procumbens, Galium saxatile, Viola palustris, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis vinealis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta

U11 — High montane heath and snow bed, Lowland dry acid grassland, Upland dry heath

Polytrichum sexangulare-Kiaeria starkei snow-bed

Empetrum nigrum, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Juncus trifidus, Huperzia selago, Conostomum tetragonum, Pohlia drummondii, Pohlia ludwigii, Pohlia nutans, Dicranum fuscescens, Kiaeria falcata, Kiaeria starkei, Racomitrium canescens sens.lat., Racomitrium fasciculare, Racomitrium heterostichum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Oligotrichum hercynicum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichastrum sexangulare, Anthelia juratzkana, Barbilophozia floerkei, Lophozia sudetica, Marsupella emarginata, Moerckia blyttii, Nardia scalaris, Pleurocladula albescens, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia uncialis, Solorina crocea, Gnaphalium supinum, Cerastium cerastoides, Silene acaulis, Alchemilla alpina, Sibbaldia procumbens, Galium saxatile, Saxifraga stellaris, Viola palustris, Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca vivipara, Nardus stricta, Cryptogramma crispa, Blechnum spicant, Athyrium distentifolium

U12 — High montane heath and snow bed, Upland dry heath

Salix herbacea-Racomitrium heterostichum snow-bed

Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Juncus trifidus, Luzula spicata, Huperzia selago, Andreaea rupestris, Conostomum tetragonum, Pohlia nutans, Dicranum scoparium, Kiaeria starkei, Racomitrium fasciculare, Racomitrium heterostichum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Oligotrichum hercynicum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichastrum sexangulare, Polytrichum piliferum, Barbilophozia floerkei, Diplophyllum albicans, Gymnomitrion concinnatum, Gymnomitrion corallioides, Lophozia sudetica, Marsupella brevissima, Nardia scalaris, Cetraria delisei, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia uncialis, Cornicularia aculeata, Ochrolechia frigida, Gnaphalium supinum, Silene acaulis, Alchemilla alpina, Galium saxatile, Agrostis canina, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta

U13 — High montane heath and snow bed, Upland dry heath

Deschampsia cespitosa-Galium saxatile grassland

Vaccinium myrtillus, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Carex pilulifera, Luzula multiflora, Luzula sylvatica, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Selaginella selaginoides, Pohlia nutans, Kiaeria starkei, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum callichroum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Sanionia uncinata, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum russowii, Anastrepta orcadensis, Barbilophozia floerkei, Barbilophozia lycopodioides, Nardia scalaris, Ptilidium ciliare, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia gracilis, Peltigera canina, Achillea millefolium, Gnaphalium supinum, Saussurea alpina, Campanula rotundifolia, Cerastium alpinum, Cerastium fontanum, Minuartia sedoides, Silene acaulis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus praecox, Euphrasia frigida, Oxalis acetosella, Armeria maritima, Polygonum viviparum, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus acris, Alchemilla alpina, Alchemilla filicaulis, Alchemilla glabra, Potentilla erecta, Sibbaldia procumbens, Galium saxatile, Saxifraga hypnoides, Saxifraga stellaris, Viola palustris, Viola riviniana, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Nardus stricta, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris dilatata

U14 — High montane heath and snow bed, Upland dry heath

Alchemilla alpina-Sibbaldia procumbens dwarf-herb community

Vaccinium myrtillus, Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Carex pilulifera, Juncus trifidus, Luzula multiflora, Luzula spicata, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Huperzia selago, Selaginella selaginoides, Andreaea alpina, Pohlia nutans, Dicranum scoparium, Racomitrium aquaticum, Racomitrium canescens sens.lat., Racomitrium fasciculare, Racomitrium heterostichum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Ctenidium molluscum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum callichroum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Sanionia uncinata, Oligotrichum hercynicum, Pogonatum urnigerum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum piliferum, Barbilophozia floerkei, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophozia sudetica, Nardia scalaris, Ptilidium ciliare, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia pyxidata, Achillea millefolium, Gnaphalium supinum, Scorzoneroides autumnalis, Campanula rotundifolia, Cerastium alpinum, Cerastium fontanum, Minuartia sedoides, Sagina saginoides, Silene acaulis, Thymus praecox, Euphrasia officinalis, Armeria maritima, Polygonum viviparum, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus acris, Thalictrum alpinum, Trollius europaeus, Alchemilla alpina, Alchemilla filicaulis, Alchemilla glabra, Potentilla erecta, Sibbaldia procumbens, Galium saxatile, Saxifraga hypnoides, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Saxifraga stellaris, Viola palustris, Agrostis canina, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Nardus stricta, Blechnum spicant, Botrychium lunaria

W25 — Bracken scrub

Pteridium aquilinum-Rubus fruticosus underscrub

Hedera helix, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Sambucus nigra, Ulex europaeus, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Luzula multiflora, Mnium hornum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Kindbergia praelonga, Angelica sylvestris, Conopodium majus, Heracleum sphondylium, Arum maculatum, Cirsium arvense, Lonicera periclymenum, Silene dioica, Stellaria holostea, Mercurialis perennis, Geranium robertianum, Glechoma hederacea, Teucrium scorodonia, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Chamerion angustifolium, Circaea lutetiana, Digitalis purpurea, Rumex acetosa, Anemone nemorosa, Ficaria verna, Potentilla erecta, Rosa arvensis, Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus agg., Rubus idaeus, Galium aparine, Galium mollugo sens.lat., Galium saxatile, Urtica dioica, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Poa trivialis, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris dilatata, Dryopteris filix-mas