Belvoir

Site of Special Scientific Interest · 54.5573, -5.9267

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Down County Lagan Valley Scenic Area

Climate exposure

This is about exposure to a nationwide pressure this habitat type carries — not a verdict on this site's own management.

Peatland

Peat habitats store centuries of carbon and depend on a stable, waterlogged water table. Warmer, drier summers dry out peat, making it far more vulnerable to wildfire and to carbon release — a pressure that can undo years of restoration work regardless of how well the site is otherwise managed.

Habitats

Ancient woodland, Fast flowing river and stream, Wood pasture

Geology & landscape

Geological Feature: Floodplain, Rock Outcrop · Geological Period: Ordovician, Permian · Rock Type: Alluvium, Sandstone, Shale

Landscape processes: Fluvial, Glacial, Peatland / Mire

Description

Belvoir Invertebrate assemblage Wood pasture and parkland The area is of special scientific interest for its parkland and wood pasture habitat and associated species. It is situated within the outskirts of South Belfast predominantly along the eastern bank of the River Lagan with Moreland’s Meadow lying to the west of the river within a large meander loop. With the exception of Moreland’s Meadow, the ASSI lies within the former Belvoir Estate which was founded in the 18th century, the lands bounded by the river to the west and a wall 5km in length surrounding the rest of the grounds. These walled grounds were known as the Belvoir Demesne and remained wooded during the 18th and 19th centuries when most of the trees throughout Ireland were felled. Belvoir ASSI largely lies within the area of the original Belvoir Estate and is now owned and managed by Forest Service as a commercial forest and recreational park, and by Belvoir Park Golf Club as a golf course. Belfast City Council own and manage Moreland’s Meadow as part of the Lagan Valley Regional Park. The underlying geology of Belvoir consists of ancient Ordovician sandstone and shale marine sediments formed some 450 million years ago and younger Permian sandstones formed in a predominantly desert setting some 270 million years ago. The former are present in the south-eastern half of the site, typically associated with the higher ground while the latter occur in the north-western half, marking the change to lower ground adjacent to the River Lagan. There is little actual outcrop of the solid geology within the site. The valley floor and lower ground are dominated by river deposited alluvium, linked to the past and present position and flooding history of the River Lagan while the rest of the site is dominated by glacial deposits. The development of the river’s floodplain, although now highly modified, is reflected in a number of abandoned meander loops with many former sections of river channel now in-filled by peat dominated soils and isolated from the present river course. Historic parklands and wood pastures are generally characterised by old, open-grown trees with significant amounts of standing and fallen deadwood. Such trees, where they display attributes associated with late maturity such as large trunk girth and trunk hollowing, are referred to as veteran trees. Where these trees are especially old, generally greater than 200 years and begin to die back naturally, a condition known as retrenchment, they are referred to as ancient trees. Therefore, the term ‘ancient’ refers specifically to the age of a tree, describing the stage of development in the ageing process beyond full maturity. Scientific interest relates to specialist biological communities which are associated with these characteristic trees and deadwood habitats. These include invertebrates, fungi and lichens. The open-grown trees at Belvoir display a variety of features characteristic of veteran and ancient trees, including standing and fallen deadwood, torn branches, exposed and decaying heartwood, hollowing trunks and bracket fungi. The site supports one of the largest concentrations of ancient and veteran trees in Northern Ireland and is of particular note because it contains the oldest known trees in Ireland. There is also scientific evidence that some of the trees at Belvoir pre-date the formation of the Demesne in the early 18th century. Many of these trees have been dated using dendrochronological techniques. Dendrochronology is the scientific method of estimating tree age based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings by relating them to past events. The dendrochronological sequence in Ireland is well documented and is particularly important for dating oak Quercus spp. trees. The open-grown trees are found within a variety of situations in Belvoir including grassland, golf course, coniferous woodland, deciduous woodland and wood pasture. A variety of tree species are present. Oak Quercus spp. is the dominant species, with beech Fagus sylvatica, lime Tilia sp., ash Fraxinus excelsior, horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum, sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus, hawthorn Crataegus monogyna and occasional sweet chestnut Castanea sativa. Of particular note is a large-girthed ancient oak Quercus sp. tree which is in an advanced state of retrenchment and completely hollow. With a girth of approximately 8m, this ancient tree is one of the largest-girthed oak Quercus spp. trees in Ireland. There are also a number of large-girthed tree stumps scattered throughout the area which were felled several decades ago. The number of trees at Belvoir which are classified as veteran and ancient, combined with evidence from dendrochronological studies and historical documents, indicates that the site has been wooded for several centuries. Wood pasture describes an historical management system in which open woodland provided shelter and forage for grazing animals as well as woodland products such as timber for construction, fuel, fencing and tools. In Belvoir, a classic example of wood pasture is found at Moreland’s Meadow where trees occur at different densities within unimproved grassland. Low intensity grazing by cattle is maintaining the unimproved grassland and preventing natural succession to closed canopy woodland. This is balanced by low levels of natural regeneration of trees such as oak Quercus spp. which is occurring where bramble Rubus fruticosus agg. has developed around fallen deadwood. This thorny plant protects the tree seedlings from grazing and ensures that new generations of trees are established to replace senescent and dying trees. Dendrochronological studies on oak Quercus spp. stumps at Belvoir have revealed that some of the trees which were felled in the 20th century were many centuries old. One of the stumps in Corbie Wood has been dated to AD 1642 with an estimated felling date range of AD1972 ± 9 years. This makes it the earliest date recorded in Ireland for an oak Quercus sp. tree that was still alive in the 20th century. Similar studies on a sample of living trees at Belvoir have revealed that most dated back to the 19th century. However, one oak Quercus sp. at Belvoir Park Golf Club was dated to AD1780 and another in Corbie Wood, which has re-sprouted after being felled, was dated back to AD1686. Additional evidence that wood pasture has been present in the area for several centuries is provided by the presence of a woodland ground flora including species indicative of ancient woodland. Plants such as lords and ladies Arum maculatum, wood anemone Anemone nemorosa, bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta, wood sorrel Oxalis acetosella, herb Robert Geranium robertianum and the notable thin spiked wood sedge Carex strigosa are all typical of long-established woods. Where the soils are damper, lesser celandine Ficaria verna and opposite-leaved golden-saxifrage Chrysosplenium oppositifolium are frequent. Toothwort Lathraea squamaria, a parasitic plant of tree roots, is also found at Belvoir. It appears above ground in early spring as a spike of two-lipped dull purple flowers and is especially associated with hazel Corylus avellana and alder Alnus glutinosa. The longevity of woodland cover at Belvoir is further evidenced in the diverse invertebrate fauna, which includes several species which have not been recorded elsewhere in Ireland. Important molluscs associated with Belvoir include the plaited snail Spermodea lamellata which is confined to old growth woods and is listed as Endangered in the Irish Red List and the English chrysalis snail Leiostyla anglica which is listed as Vulnerable. Occasional areas of bare ground within the grassland at Morelands Meadow provides ideal habitat for solitary bees including common species such as the ashy mining bee Andrena cineraria and the less common Gooden's nomad bee Nomada goodeniana which parasitises several mining bees Andrena species. Belvoir is particularly important for saproxylic invertebrates, i.e. those species that are dependent on dead or decaying wood. Among the saproxylic Coleoptera beetles of wood pasture and deadwood are a spider beetle Ptinus subpilosus for which this is the only Irish site and a minute fungus beetle Gyrophaena pulchella which is a proposed Red Data Book species in Britain. Other saproxylic Coleoptera include a minute hairy ladybird Scymnus auritus which has only one other known Irish site, two false darkling beetles Orchesia undulata, which breeds in the specialist fungi and the rarer Abdera flexuosa which is associated with alder Alnus glutinosa and a silken fungus beetle Cryptophagus ruficornis which is virtually confined to the Lagan Valley in Ireland. A wide range of fungi have been recorded at Belvoir, again reflecting the long-established wooded nature of the area. Fungi with a range of different life strategies and ecological niches are represented on the site. These include saprotrophic fungi; species that live on dead or decaying organic matter such as wood, twigs and leaves and are responsible for the decay of the many very old trunks and stumps across the site. Ectomycorrhizal fungi, on the other hand, are associated directly with living trees forming a symbiotic relationship with the tree roots. This symbiosis enhances tree growth by facilitating water and nutrient uptake. Bracket fungi are a particular group of saprotrophic fungi which produce a non-stalked fruiting body directly attached to the tree trunk or branch. Examples include southern bracket Ganoderma australe and beefsteak fungus Fistulina hepatica which are both common across Belvoir and produce white and brown rots respectively. The resulting decayed wood provides a micro-habitat for other fungi and specialised invertebrate species. Bracket fungi of particular note recorded at Belvoir include oak polypore Piptoporus quercinus, which has not been recorded in Ireland before, anise mazegill Gloeophyllum odoratum, which is listed as Vulnerable in the British Red List and oak mazegill Daedalea quercina, which grows on an old oak Quercus sp. stump. This is one of the very few locations for this species in Northern Ireland. Other bracket fungi associated with already partially decomposed fallen and standing deadwood include turkeytail Trametes versicolor, blushing bracket Daedaleopsis confragosa and hairy curtain crust Stereum hirsutum which is particularly common on oak Quercus spp. across the site. Many of the large fallen oak Quercus spp. trunks also support other saprotrophic fungi species such as Burgundy drop bonnet Mycena haematopus, common bonnet Mycena galericulata and clustered bonnet Mycena inclinata. Belvoir also supports a variety of ectomycorrhizal fungi which are generally associated with the roots of living oak Quercus spp. and beech Fagus sylvatica trees. Species recorded include panthercap Amanita pantherina, scarletina bolete Boletus luridiformis, purple brittlegill Russula atropurpurea, oakbug milkcap Lactarius quietus, the webcap Cortinarius balteatocumatilis and the notable deceiving bolete Boletus queletii. Two rare species of cup fungi have also been recorded. The first, Hypocrea tremelloides, is associated with oak Quercus spp. and is only known from one other site in Britain and Ireland. The second, Cheilymenia fraudans, was recently discovered on cattle dung in Moreland’s Meadow illustrating the importance of traditional grazing management in this part of the site. There are currently no other records for this species in Britain and Ireland. Lichen interest across the site is largely restricted to those species growing on older trees in open conditions where humidity is relatively high. Fairly common epiphytic species occur on the oaks Quercus spp. at Morelands Meadow including Evernia prunastri, known as oak moss, Usnea subfloridana, Parmotrema perlatum, Ramalina farinacea and common orange lichen Xanthorion parietinae. More notable species in the same area include Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla and Chaenotheca ferruginea which have restricted distributions in Ireland and several specimens of the distinctive old parkland indicator Cresponea premnea found on the trunk of a large lime Tilia sp.. In addition this species is found on a large oak Quercus sp. near the Motte. Lichens are very sensitive to atmospheric pollution and their presence in such close proximity to Belfast is notable. The effects of past and present management have resulted in the presence of the current semi-natural habitats at Belvoir. As such, they are important for a wide range of plants and animals, including birds and mammals, such as bats. It is hoped that continued sensitive management of the area will ensure that the rich assemblage of species is maintained. https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/publications/belvoir-assi

Species mentioned

English name
search for this in other sites		 Latin name
search with Google		 IUCN / Red List Type Family
grey mining bee Andrena cineraria Not listed in GB list bee andrenidae
beetle Abdera flexuosa LC beetle melandryidae
ladybird Scymus schmidti Not listed in GB list beetle ladybird coccinellidae
oak polypore Piptoporus quercinus Not listed in GB list fungi fomitopsidaceae
wood anemone Anemone nemorosa LC herb ranunculaceae
lords and ladies Arum maculatum LC herb araceae
opposite-leaved golden- saxifrage Chrysosplenium oppositifolium LC herb saxifragaceae
lesser celandine Ficaria verna LC herb ranunculaceae
herb Robert Geranium robertianum LC herb geraniaceae
bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta LC herb liliaceae
toothwort Lathraea squamaria LC herb orobanchaceae
wood sorrel Oxalis acetosella LC herb oxalidaceae
bramble Rubus fruticosus agg. Not listed in GB list herb rosaceae
rusty calicium Chaenotheca ferruginea LC lichen no common name
oak moss Evernia prunastri LC lichen no common name
powdered ruffle lichen Parmotrema perlatum LC lichen no common name
dotted ramalina Ramalina farinacea LC lichen no common name
powdered ruffle lichen Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla LC lichen no common name
beard lichen Usnea subfloridana LC lichen no common name
no common name Xanthorion parietinae Not listed in GB list lichen no common name
English chrysalis snail Leiostyla anglica Not listed in GB list mollusc lauriidae
thin spiked wood sedge Carex strigosa LC sedge cyperaceae
hawthorn Crataegus monogyna LC shrub rosaceae
sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus Not listed in GB list tree aceraceae
horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum Not listed in GB list tree hippocastanaceae
alder Alnus glutinosa LC tree salicaceae
sweet chestnut Castanea sativa LC tree fagaceae
hazel Corylus avellana LC tree corylaceae
beech Fagus sylvatica LC tree fabiaceae
ash Fraxinus excelsior LC tree oleaceae

Plant communities

A9 — Fast flowing river and stream, Marginal and inundation, Pond ditch and canal, Sluggish river and stream

Potamogeton natans community

Schoenoplectus lacustris, Juncus bulbosus, Sparganium angustifolium, Sparganium erectum, Sparganium minimum, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Lobelia dortmanna, Equisetum fluviatile, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Elodea canadensis, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, Nymphaea alba, Callitriche platycarpa, Callitriche stagnalis, Littorella uniflora, Potamogeton natans, Ranunculus trichophyllus, Glyceria fluitans, Chara subspinosa

A14 — Fast flowing river and stream

Myriophyllum alterniflorum community

Isolepis fluitans, Juncus bulbosus, Fontinalis antipyretica, Lobelia dortmanna, Equisetum fluviatile, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Lemna minor, Callitriche stagnalis, Littorella uniflora, Potamogeton filiformis, Potamogeton gramineus, Potamogeton natans, Ranunculus peltatus, Chara spp., Nitella hyalina

A17 — Chalk river and stream, Fast flowing river and stream

Ranunculus penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitans community

Berula erecta, Nasturtium officinale, Elodea canadensis, Lemna minor, Callitriche stagnalis, Veronica beccabunga, Polygonum amphibium, Polygonum hydropiper, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton pectinatus, Ranunculus penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitans

A18 — Fast flowing river and stream

Ranunculus fluitans community

Fontinalis antipyretica, Fontinalis squamosa var. curnowii, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Myriophyllum spicatum, Elodea canadensis, Mentha aquatica, Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Ranunculus fluitans, Glyceria fluitans, Phalaris arundinacea

W10 — Atlantic oak wood, Lowland dry oak and birch wood, Lowland mixed oak and ash wood, Wood pasture

Quercus robur-Pteridium aquilinum-Rubus fruticosus woodland

Hedera helix, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ilex aquifolium, Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, Carpinus betulus, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Quercus hybrid, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Tilia x europaea, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix decidua, Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Malus sylvestris, Prunus avium, Sorbus aucuparia, Alnus glutinosa, Populus tremula, Taxus baccata, Ulmus glabra, Sambucus nigra, Viburnum lantana, Viburnum opulus, Rhododendron ponticum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Cytisus scoparius, Ulex europaeus, Ligustrum vulgare, Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Carex sylvatica, Juncus effusus, Luzula multiflora, Luzula pilosa, Luzula sylvatica, Mnium hornum, Plagiomnium rostratum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranoweisia cirrata, Dicranum scoparium, Amblystegium serpens, Brachythecium rutabulum, Eurhynchium striatum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Isothecium myosuroides, Kindbergia praelonga, Plagiothecium denticulatum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans, Thuidium tamariscinum, Atrichum undulatum, Polytrichum formosum, Lophocolea bidentata, Pellia epiphylla, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Aegopodium podagraria, Anthriscus sylvestris, Conopodium majus, Heracleum sphondylium, Sanicula europaea, Jacobaea vulgaris, Solidago virgaurea, Lonicera periclymenum, Silene dioica, Stellaria holostea, Stellaria media agg., Euphorbia amygdaloides, Mercurialis perennis, Corydalis claviculata, Geranium robertianum, Ajuga reptans, Glechoma hederacea, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Stachys sylvatica, Teucrium scorodonia, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Chamerion angustifolium, Circaea lutetiana, Oxalis acetosella, Digitalis purpurea, Veronica chamaedrys, Rumex acetosa, Rumex sanguineus, Lysimachia nemorum, Lysimachia nummularia, Primula vulgaris, Anemone nemorosa, Ficaria verna, Ranunculus repens, Fragaria vesca, Potentilla sterilis, Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus agg., Rubus idaeus, Galium aparine, Galium odoratum, Galium saxatile, Melanpyrum pratense, Urtica dioica, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromopsis ramosa, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Melica uniflora, Milium effusum, Poa nemoralis, Poa trivialis, Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris borreri, Dryopteris dilatata, Dryopteris filix-mas, Thelypteris limbosperma, Athyrium filix-femina

W11 — Altantic hazel wood, Atlantic oak wood, Caledonian forest, Upland birch wood, Wood pasture

Quercus petraea-Betula pubescens-Oxalis acetosella woodland

Acer campestre, Ilex aquifolium, Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus hybrid, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix decidua, Sorbus aucuparia, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Juniperus communis, Vaccinium myrtillus, Cytisus scoparius, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus saxatilis, Carex pilulifera, Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Luzula pilosa, Luzula sylvatica, Mnium hornum, Plagiomnium affine, Plagiomnium undulatum, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Cirriphyllum piliferum, Eurhynchium striatum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Isothecium myosuroides, Kindbergia praelonga, Loeskeobryum brevirostre, Plagiothecium denticulatum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Atrichum undulatum, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum formosum, Polytrichum longisetum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophocolea bidentata, Plagiochila asplenioides, Plagiochila spinulosa, Angelica sylvestris, Conopodium majus, Campanula rotundifolia, Lonicera periclymenum, Succisa pratensis, Cerastium fontanum, Stellaria holostea, Pyrola minor, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Lathyrus montanus, Geranium robertianum, Hypericum pulchrum, Ajuga reptans, Teucrium scorodonia, Convallaria majalis, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Oxalis acetosella, Digitalis purpurea, Veronica chamaedrys, Veronica officinalis, Rumex acetosa, Lysimachia nemorum, Primula vulgaris, Trientalis europaea, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Potentilla erecta, Rubus fruticosus agg., Rubus idaeus, Galium aparine, Galium saxatile, Melanpyrum pratense, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis vinealis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis, Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris borreri, Dryopteris dilatata, Dryopteris filix-mas, Thelypteris limbosperma, Athyrium filix-femina

W14 — Beech wood, Wood pasture

Fagus sylvatica-Rubus fruticosus woodland

Hedera helix, Salix caprea, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ilex aquifolium, Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Pinus sylvestris, Prunus avium, Sorbus aria, Sorbus aucuparia, Taxus baccata, Ulmus glabra, Sambucus nigra, Ruscus aculeatus, Ligustrum vulgare, Carex remota, Carex sylvatica, Luzula pilosa, Mnium hornum, Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranum scoparium, Fissidens taxifolius, Brachythecium rutabulum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Isothecium myosuroides, Kindbergia praelonga, Plagiothecium denticulatum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans, Thuidium tamariscinum, Atrichum undulatum, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum formosum, Arum maculatum, Lonicera periclymenum, Moehringia trinervia, Stellaria media agg., Euphorbia amygdaloides, Mercurialis perennis, Hypericum pulchrum, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Circaea lutetiana, Epipactis helleborine, Oxalis acetosella, Digitalis purpurea, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus repens, Geum urbanum, Rubus fruticosus agg., Rubus idaeus, Galium odoratum, Galium verum, Urtica dioica, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis stolonifera, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromopsis ramosa, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Melica uniflora, Milium effusum, Poa nemoralis, Poa trivialis, Schedonorus giganteus, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris dilatata, Dryopteris filix-mas

W15 — Beech wood, Wood pasture

Fagus sylvatica-Deschampsia flexuosa woodland

Hedera helix, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ilex aquifolium, Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus hybrid, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris, Sorbus aucuparia, Taxus baccata, Calluna vulgaris, Rhododendron ponticum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ruscus aculeatus, Carex pilulifera, Luzula pilosa, Luzula sylvatica, Mnium hornum, Orthodontium lineare, Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranum scoparium, Leucobryum glaucum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Kindbergia praelonga, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Polytrichum formosum, Tetraphis pellucida, Calypogeia fissa, Diplophyllum albicans, Gymnocolea inflata, Lepidozia reptans, Cladonia fimbriata, Cladonia squamules, Lonicera periclymenum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Chamerion angustifolium, Oxalis acetosella, Rubus fruticosus agg., Melanpyrum pratense, Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Molinia caerulea, Poa nemoralis, Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris dilatata

W16 — Atlantic oak wood, Lowland dry oak and birch wood, Wood pasture

Quercus spp.-Betula spp.-Deschampsia flexuosa woodland

Hedera helix, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ilex aquifolium, Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Quercus hybrid, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris, Sorbus aria, Sorbus aucuparia, Populus tremula, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Rhododendron ponticum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ulex europaeus, Ulex gallii, Frangula alnus, Crataegus monogyna, Luzula sylvatica, Mnium hornum, Orthodontium lineare, Pohlia nutans, Campylopus flexuosus, Campylopus pyriformis, Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranodontium denudatum, Dicranoweisia cirrata, Dicranum fuscescens, Dicranum scoparium, Leucobryum glaucum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Hypnum jutlandicum, Isothecium myosuroides, Kindbergia praelonga, Plagiothecium denticulatum, Plagiothecium nemorale, Plagiothecium succulentum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Tetraphis pellucida, Barbilophozia attenuata, Barbilophozia floerkei, Calypogeia fissa, Calypogeia trichomanis, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Gymnocolea inflata, Lepidozia reptans, Lophocolea bidentata, Lophocolea heterophylla, Cladonia coccifera, Cladonia coniocraea, Cladonia fimbriata, Cladonia polydactyla, Cladonia squamosa, Solidago virgaurea, Lonicera periclymenum, Corydalis claviculata, Teucrium scorodonia, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Chamerion angustifolium, Oxalis acetosella, Digitalis purpurea, Rumex acetosella, Potentilla erecta, Rubus fruticosus agg., Galium saxatile, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis stolonifera, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Molinia caerulea, Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris dilatata

W17 — Altantic hazel wood, Atlantic oak wood, Caledonian forest, Upland birch wood, Wood pasture

Quercus petraea-Betula pubescens-Dicranum majus woodland

Hedera helix, Salix caprea, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ilex aquifolium, Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus hybrid, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aucuparia, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Juniperus communis, Rhododendron ponticum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Crataegus monogyna, Carex pilulifera, Luzula multiflora, Luzula pilosa, Luzula sylvatica, Andreaea rupestris, Mnium hornum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranodontium denudatum, Dicranum fuscescens, Dicranum majus, Dicranum scoparium, Dicranum scottianum, Leucobryum glaucum, Ptychomitrium polyphyllum, Racomitrium fasciculare, Racomitrium heterostichum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Eurhynchium striatum, Heterocladium heteropterum, Hylocomiastrum umbratum, Hylocomium armoricum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum callichroum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Hypnum jutlandicum, Isothecium myosuroides, Kindbergia praelonga, Loeskeobryum brevirostre, Plagiothecium denticulatum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans, Ptilium crista-castrensis, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Sematophyllum demissum, Sematophyllum micans, Thuidium delicatulum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum formosum, Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum fimbriatum, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum russowii, Sphagnum subnitens, Tetraphis pellucida, Adelanthus decipiens, Anastrepta orcadensis, Barbilophozia attenuata, Barbilophozia floerkei, Bazzania tricrenata, Bazzania trilobata, Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Calypogeia fissa, Calypogeia muelleriana, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Diplophyllum albicans, Frullania tamarisci, Fuscocephaloziopsis lunulifolia, Harpanthus scutatus, Jamesoniella autumnalis, Jungermannia gracillima, Lepidozia pearsonii, Lepidozia reptans, Lophocolea bidentata, Lophocolea heterophylla, Lophozia ventricosa, Marsupella emarginata, Microlejeunea ulicina, Mylia taylorii, Nowellia curvifolia, Plagiochila asplenioides, Plagiochila atlantica, Plagiochila killarniensis, Plagiochila porelloides, Plagiochila punctata, Plagiochila spinulosa, Ptilidium ciliare, Saccogyna viticulosa, Scapania gracilis, Scapania nemorea, Scapania umbrosa, Tritomaria exsectiformis, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia chlorophaea, Cladonia digitata, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia impexa, Cladonia polydactyla, Cladonia squamosa, Cladonia squamules, Cladonia subcervicornis, Parmelia saxatilis, Sphaerophorus fragilis, Sphaerophorus globosus, Solidago virgaurea, Lonicera periclymenum, Succisa pratensis, Cornus suecica, Hypericum pulchrum, Teucrium scorodonia, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Goodyera repens, Oxalis acetosella, Digitalis purpurea, Rumex acetosa, Lysimachia nemorum, Trientalis europaea, Anemone nemorosa, Potentilla erecta, Rubus fruticosus agg., Rubus idaeus, Galium saxatile, Melanpyrum pratense, Viola riviniana, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis stolonifera, Agrostis vinealis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Molinia caerulea, Poa nemoralis, Poa pratensis, Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris aemula, Dryopteris borreri, Dryopteris dilatata, Dryopteris filix-mas, Hymenophyllum tunbrigense, Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Polypodium vulgare, Thelypteris limbosperma, Athyrium filix-femina